Abstract This paper relates the history of women's role in the workplace. The author points out the attributes of genderbias and discrimination. The paper delineates changes in the 20th Century.
From the Paper "This research examines the phenomenon of gender bias in Western society, which can be identified as having both a long history in real-world experience and a long history as a subject for philosophical and moral discourse. The research will set forth attributes ..."
Abstract This essay discusses how many children's books have been considered classics, but how they have also been challenged as having race and genderbias. Rudyard Kipling's "How The Leopard Got His Spots", Paula Fox's "The Slave Dancer", and Lynne Reid Banks' "The Indian in the Cupboard" are all examined in this context. The paper finds that they have a certain amount of racial bias.
Abstract Both quantitatively (in terms of numbers affected) and qualitatively (in terms of the changes required), genderbias remains a profound Canadian crisis. Women are disadvantaged in marriage and in the workplace and underrepresented in the political arena. The roots of this bias are deeply ingrained in Canadian society. Further, overcoming this bias demands fundamental changes in the type of government intervention designed to address it.
An examination of possible problems of genderbias in the administrating of the GRE - a mandatory requirement for all students that wish to enter graduate school programs.
Abstract This paper provides an analysis of the genderbias problems that occur in GRE testing. Furthermore, a number of issues related to this problem are addressed. Finally, a conclusion will be drawn and alternative solutions and recommendations for graduate school admission criteria is proposed that promote equity and fairness for all entering students.
From the Paper "Students that apply to graduate school are affected by the often rigorous application process, including the submission of test scores from the GRE. For many students, advanced standardized tests such as the GRE are not an accurate measure of true academic performance and may negatively influence admission decisions: "The research demonstrates that standardized testing has a negative impact on students, perpetuating and intensifying educational inequity through test bias and the misuse of test scores" (Froese-Germain 111). Those who score poorly on the GRE are often eliminated from admission contention even though the test is perceived as one small component of the selection process. It has been demonstrated that although the questions found on the exam are theoretically designed to be equivalent for either gender, they are often proven to be otherwise. These questions emphasize the significant differences between how males and females perform on standardized tests. In addition, "Men and women differ in their chosen interests and activities, and these differences are likely to have an influence on school activities, grades, and test scores" (Azen, Bronner, and Gafni 77). The identification of true test bias is determined in the following statement: "If a group of examinees always performs more poorly on a test and this group does not subsequently exhibit inferior achievement, then the test misrepresents this group and is said to be biased" (Azen et al. 78). In general, admission tests are required in order to accurately select and predict the appropriate candidates, and this process can have a negative effect on the potential success of student populations."
Abstract The writer of this paper examines the various studies that claim the content of computer games are determined by the interests of men rather than women and proves that a genderbias in the PC game industry exists. This paper also discusses the lack of female computer programmers in the industry and the steps being taken to remedy the situation including direct marketing aimed at women.
From the Paper "One step that some companies are taking is simply directing more marketing at girls and women. According to the esteemed advertising journal, Billboard, in the early part of the previous decade, Sega Corporation instituted a special "girls task force," which was comprised of female executives. Additionally, Viacom New Media executive vice president Michele DiLorenzo began and remained a vocal industry proponent of gender-neutral titles."
Abstract This paper deals with genderbias in English classrooms. In this paper, the writer review the statistics showing that English boys are performing worse than their oversees counterpart and then lists some of the possible reasons boys are falling behind and some of the solutions. It ends with a suggested viable solution to the problem of boys falling behind.
From the Paper "Are boys in England falling behind there female counterparts? If the answer to this question is yes, then why, and what can be done to address the problem. In an age of fierce competition, it is no longer enough to just let "boys be boys" The question is How can we balance the learning needs of boys with the needs of girls. It seems society is on a pendulum, first favoring boys, then favoring girls. We cannot go back and forth, favoring one gender at a time. The pendulum needs to stop swinging, but how do we balance the needs of boys with the needs of girls in a classroom? "
Abstract This paper examines how African-Americans struggled to resist stereotypes of race and gender in the face of hostile and aggressive racism and how white southerners had for generations 'owned' their African-American counterparts making the struggle for equality and respect a long and difficult process. It discusses how, although it is important not to underestimate the achievements of African-American women, especially, the vitriolic hostility and fervent racism meant certain white constructed race and gender roles, still live on in the south.
From the Paper "The oppressive nature of slavery had had dramatic effects on African American gender roles. As the slaves were property of the plantation master, there was no need for males to act as the family head or providers. Stanley Elkins argues the severity of the slave regime crippled the slave personality, which therefore made slaves unable to partake in any actions that would resemble those of an organised community. Elkins believed that the severe mental trauma resulted in a defensive response, manifested in a loss of individuality, and instead created one uniform psychologically handicapped personality, which he termed 'Sambo.' "
Abstract This undergraduate paper examines conflicting African American attitudes about race and gender equality. The paper discusses how African Americans have spoken out against racial injustice and condemned the evils of discrimination. Ever since the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, successive generations of African American men and women have fought to end racial injustice in the United States. They have justifiably argued that it is morally wrong to deny equality to another human being because of race, and have won important legislative and court victories, especially during the height of the Civil Rights Movement in the nineteen-sixties. The paper further discusses how many African American men who have fought so courageously for racial equality have, ironically, denied gender equality to women.
Abstract This three page undergraduate paper examines societal conditions from the perspective of a Black woman. The writer conducts this analysis as though an urban Black American woman living during the Industrial Era. This provides the writer with a greater appreciation for present-day freedoms, for nearly all of them were unavailable to Black women at that time. The writer would have lived under segregation, would have had no right to vote and would have had no minimum wage protection, if in fact holding a job.
From the Paper "Imagining myself as an urban Black American woman living during the Industrial Era provided me with a greater appreciation for my present-day freedoms, for nearly all of them were unavailable to Black women at that time. I would have lived under segregation, I would have had no right to vote, and I would have had no minimum wage protection, if in fact I even had a job. As Franklin and Moss (2000) note, many other advantages would also have been unavailable to me then, such as primary, secondary, and higher education opportunities, college loans, and affirmative action programs."
Abstract A general history of North American children's literature is provided and a critical analysis of race, class and gender representation is discussed in the contexts of the need and availability of multicultural children's literature.
Abstract This paper examines the issue of gender and racial discrimination in sport both at college as well as professional level. It attempts to dispel the myths regarding women equality and meritocracy in sports, such that women earn through professional as well as college sports as much as their male counterparts. It examines the struggles involving women recognition in sports through the history of basketball which evolved in 1891 but only allowed women players in 1971 and the differences in women participation in college sports and professional sports. The paper also outlines the racial desegregation of college and professional sports, bringing out the similarities and the differences to that of genderbias.
From the Paper "Though women face various challenges in the name of discrimination in sports oriented activities and career advancements, women in college sports face less resistance due to the fact that at college level, friendships and relationships are more sound and meaningful than at a professional level where shrewd politics dominate the sports scenario and extreme resistance is faced by women who are professional athletes. Moreover, in college sports, due to combined activities, women get more or less the same facilities and coaching aid that their male friends receive. Alternately, women athletes on a professional level are struggling hard to receive better or equal facilities than men athletes."
Abstract This paper addresses the issue of genderbias in literature and shows the importance of educators in maintaining a gender balance in literature chosen to be part of a curriculum. The paper gives examples of specific characteristics of male and female writers and the differences between them. It shows how writing skills taught in school influences the way students develop socially and provides recommendations for educators in developing a quality curriculum.
From the Paper "The importance of a quality writing curriculum should be emphasized in all schools at all levels. It is not generally recognized as an obvious truth, but gender inequalities exist in literature across the board, in addition to writing courses and other training mechanisms. These inequalities are not particularly obvious and are not likely to be intentional, but they do occur in all areas of literature and prose. Specifically, current writing curriculums do not stress the significance of expressive writing in classrooms that are composed of a combination of students from both genders. Personal experience has taught me that for the relatively few gifted individuals in this world that possess true writing talent, gender is not even considered in the equation. Writing talent is defined by the quality of the work in any form, not the person who wrote it. Whether or not a stigma regarding males and their expressive writing abilities indeed exist remains to be seen. Males are certainly capable of expressing themselves through their writing in the same manner as females, although their developmental activities may be different. Furthermore, the tendency to evaluate writing skills and prose is often based entirely upon gender stereotypes that tend to prefer female writers to males in the expressive writing category. In order to cultivate new writers of both genders, it is critical that all types of writing styles are taught in schools so that writers may discover their hidden talents and demons regarding the writing process."
Abstract This paper examines how genderbias in education refers to the persistent gender gap that exists in the field of education and how various strategies have been adopted and several reforms have been introduced to tackle this issue. It looks at how women are always taught to be less aggressive and less assertive than their male counterparts, and for this reason, they tend to stay away from more competitive or professional fields of education. It shows how some changes are needed in the way teachers handle this problem in the classroom and how vast literature on the issue suggests that teachers play a vital role in gender gap issue.
From the Paper "It has also been noticed that lower self esteem and confidence in girls is directly connected with teacher's attitude towards more assertive and confident girls. While teachers permit and even encourage assertive attitude of boys, the same behavior is not tolerant when exhibited by a girl and she is seen as a disruptive element. Reay report suggest that the reason why most girls choose not to enter the more competitive fields of education is because they have been conditioned to do so."
Abstract This study examines the nature and effects of race and gender on managerial progression within the investment banking industry. It attempts to prove that race and gender have the potential to negatively impact a minority's ability to progress in the industry. Successful advancement opportunities, in theory, should be contingent upon an individual's skills, abilities and work history; unfortunately, time and time again, this theory has been disproved by statistical data, which indicates that race and gender do, in fact, impact on employees' potential for achievement. The study focuses on the managerial progression of candidates, both male and female, of minority and non-minority descent within the U.S. and the U.K. It also details the importance of developing more comprehensive recruiting and promotional activities targeted specifically toward these populations. The paper concludes that equality measures implemented thus far have not been efficient in attracting and promoting candidates.
Table of Contents
Abstract
List of Tables
List of Figures
Chapter I: Introduction
Problem Statement (or Purpose)
Significance of the Study
Assumptions
Limitations
Definitions (or Acronyms)
Chapter II: Review of Relevant Literature and Research
Chapter III: Research Methodology
Research Technique
Research Design
Survey Population
Sources of Data
The Data Gathering Instrument
Distribution Method
Reliability
Validity
Treatment of Data and Procedures
Chapter IV: Results
Chapter V: Discussion
Chapter VI: Conclusions
Chapter VII: Recommendations
Appendixes: Bibliography, Tables, Interview Questions
From the Paper "Research also reveals that at least within the United States, finding African American presence among the highest levels of responsibility at Wall Street firms including financial institutions and investment banks is not nearly as difficult in modern times as in historical times (McCoy, 1992). Black finance professionals have actually "built impressive track records with their own investment firms" (McCoy, 1992).
The good news however is tempered by statistics that reveal that in general there are still very few African-Americans and like minded minorities working in managerial positions overall within the nation's leading investment banks (McCoy, 1992). This is even truer for minority women, who often face double discrimination, being an ethnic minority and being a woman. Statistics also reveal that few black finance professionals are currently "coming through the pipeline" to help statistics (McCoy, 1992)."
Abstract This paper examines how gender discrimination effects everyone and overlays an additional burden to any true minority and how every man, no matter his race or religion, has a mother and most have sisters, wives and friends who are women effected by gender discrimination. It evaluates the conflict among the experts about just how much effect the combination of race and gender discrimination has upon the individual. It also looks at how the literature associated with discrimination often links race and gender in the same category.
From the Paper "Though the overwhelming statistical and behavioral research indicates that the problem of gender discrimination will be hard met and that solutions are complicated and hard to employ, there are many social theorists who argue plans of action that both make sense and will hopefully help the problem. In the past some of the responses to the difficulties that arise when a mixed gender competitive system is in play have been answered with further discrimination, usually leveled against women, something similar to the mythical "separate but equal" that was offered to black children during an earlier era, and interestingly ruled against in the era that allowed these law schools to openly discriminate against women. ?The twentieth century actually produced retrogression rather than progress. The handful of medical schools that had opened to women in the nineteenth century reduced their offerings in the early 1900s."
