Abstract This paper profiles the role of the regulatory agencies of the food and drug administration (FDA) office. It discusses how they operate and why they are necessary. The paper includes an historical recounting of the agency, it expands on the scope of authority, structure and day to day activities. It concludes with a an example of their regulatory nature.
From the Paper "Regulatory agencies are viewed as helpful or a hindrance depending on the side of the fence you are on and the level of involvement: they either serve to protect their own by restricting outsiders from entry or they are considered police-state watchdogs. For example, the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations acts to certify and audit healthcare facilities, the American Medical Association (AMA) polices licensed medical doctors in this country and acts to confront and control those it deems practicing against AMA policies and guidelines. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is one such regulatory agency with policies and actions that support other healthcare interests. The FDA is currently celebrating its centennial year having evolved from its origin as the Bureau of Chemistry of the U.S. Department of Agriculture ("FDA News," 2006) is currently under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Health and..."
Abstract This paper discusses Renaissance thought. Particularly, the paper discusses the lasting impact that Niccolo Machiavelli has on Western thought. The paper describes Machiavelli as an important contributor to Renaissance thought as it pertains to the government of society and the means by which to organize the various classes of the people. The paper mentions some of Machiavelli's works, such as "The Prince" and "The Discourses" and it discusses the importance of these works to Western society today.
From the Paper "It has been noted by scholars that Machiavelli underwent an individual maturing of thought, as seen by his transference from monarchial theory, as seen within The Prince to the more republican theory, as seen throughout his Discourses. Hans Baron's depiction of Machiavellian works demonstrates how Machiavelli early on had an "enthusiasm for a monarchical solution" to Italy, but as time progressed, he affirmed a more republican belief in the future of Italy's governance. That Machiavelli was a historian is an important factor in his progression in thought; Machiavelli used his own experiences within Florence as the means for which to depict the structure that would best be able to rule the province. His reverence for Rome is seen in his later writings, where Machiavelli believes in the strength of the republic, that the republic is the best means necessary to achieve social and political order. Machiavelli's thoughts on republicanism over monarchial structures can be seen in today's society, where republics stand strong in the face of contemporary problems. Machiavelli was a common critic of all governance structures, but most importantly, he criticized the structure in which decisions were made by the few but accepted to govern the many. He believed that private citizens had too much power in even the republics of the age. He sought to allow all people the right to exercise their voice within their government and their province, and only then could an efficient governance structure exist to allow for the stability of all."
Abstract This paper addresses the question whether or not governments should mandate the shift to biofuels. To address this issue, the paper discusses various related issues such as the role of governments in the expanded use of biofuels. The author argues in favor of governments mandating the shift to biofuels because of their authority, influence, clout and moral responsibility towards controlling and regulating the challenging shift to biofuels.
Outline:
Introduction
Biofuel Defined
The Role of Governments in the Expanded Use of Biofuels
Ecological & Economic "Ripple Effects"
Further Consequences to Mass Shift to Biofuels
Arguments For/or Against Mandating the Shift to Biofuels
Summary
From the Paper "The impact of biofuel is extensive. With biofuel costing less than fuel derived from traditional sources (Matthews, 2007), their production and use allow countries to save in their petroleum imports and strengthen their energy security by becoming less dependent on foreign oil. Biofuel is also environment friendly as these fuels do not release toxic gas that lead to global warming and greenhouse effect. The production of biofuel also creates income and labor opportunities especially in developing countries (Matthews, 2007; Abano, 2007). This could subsequently lead to poverty alleviation and food security as more people will have jobs and money to buy food (Northoff, 2004). As the production of biofuels can be tailored to the environment of different countries, its production can be cost effective given the local sourcing of raw materials. Similarly, this diversifies agricultural and forestry production for use in a lucrative industry such as alternative fuel production (Northoff, 2004).
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Tags: bioenergy, bioethanol, biodiesel, Philippines, Brazil, UN, energy, agriculture
Abstract This paper explains the harmful effects of illegal immigration on the United States' economy. The author presents evidence to support his claim that illegal immigrants affect the economy in a negative way. It then suggests ways to limit those effects and describes the most effective ways for the government to deal with this ongoing problem.
From the Paper "One of the many ways illegal immigrants harm our nation is by using our government services. Each year, more and more undocumented aliens are coming to our country to get free education, health care, protection (fire and police departments), and other services, such as ESL (English as a Second Language) without paying taxes. It is estimated that eighty-six percent of all school-aged illegal immigrants attend public schools (Huddle 76). Undocumented foreigners also make up seventeen percent of all inmates in prison, costing us money to pay for their keep (Elsner). This would not bother me if these immigrants were paying for their services."
Abstract This paper explains that the 1871 Civil Service Commission report on the spoils system, which stated its moral debase, led to the
Pendleton Act of 1883, which created a merit-based system of employment for federal employees. The author points out that, in an environment where Americans remain unenthusiastic about government service because of low pay and a cultural anti-government feeling, the challenges to the civil service system include finding quality employees, increasing accountability and promoting a more democratic bureaucracy in which citizen involvement is the norm. The author emphasizes that the values of public administration are the quest for efficiency, increased accountability, social equity, empowering citizens during the discourse phase and ethics with honest and open government.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Pre-Pendleton
Pendleton and the Growth of P.A.
Expanding Opportunity in Public Service
Now What
The Conservative Era and Civil Service
Civil Service in the 21st Century
Civil Service 2025
Conclusions
From the Paper "NPR was one part of a larger organizational thrust by the Clinton administration. In 1993, Clinton/Gore passed the Government Performance and Results (GPR) Act. Clearly, the framing of the issues is indicative of the tenor of the times. The GPR mandated that each federal agency introduce a strategic plan by 1997. The effect of this measure was to limit organizations from being funded from year to year without accountability. Instead, each federal agency had to list outcomes and time lines in order to validate its existence."
From the Paper "Nigeria's situation is rather typical of contemporary African nations, developed by a strong tribal tradition in a curious mix with the Western culture imparted by colonialism. Public health reflects this curious malady. Medicine in Nigeria was once primarily the job of tribal "medicine men" (Motherland Nigeria 1). Recently, though, Nigeria has developed a modern, Westernized, health care system for the purpose of improving health outcomes of its citizens."
A position paper arguing that the Clinton Administration's refusal to recognize a 'right to food' is entirely inconsistent with its recognition of economic and social rights.
1,410 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 6 sources, 2000, $ 46.95
From the Paper "Among various scholars? enumerations of particular human rights, the fundamental rights listed may be classified as either political and civil rights or economic and social rights. Political and civil rights are negative rights, which are typically satisfied by the mere absence of constraint or harm. In contrast, economic and social rights are positive rights, which constitute an affirmative claim to certain goods and services in society. Human rights have traditionally been considered, by definition, those rights that are universal in nature. Justifying economic and social rights has been problematic because not all goods are attainable. The provision of many economic and social goods is dependent upon a society's production possibilities, which in many nations are too inadequate to provide for basic needs, and therefore deny the universal possibility of fulfilling such rights. However, consideration of the duties and obligations of actors in a global economy reveal that economic and social rights are, in fact, justified. Mr. Bush and Mr. Reagan's terming of such rights as mere "goals" or "objectives" should not be restored; the Clinton Administration's termination, by policy, of the distinction between economic and social rights and political and civil rights represents a moral movement forward. However, the Clinton Administration's refusal to recognize a "right to food" is entirely inconsistent with its recognition of economic and social rights. "
Tags: american, economic, hunger, right, social, states, united, world
From the Paper "George Orwell is best remembered as the author of two great political novels, Animal Farm and 1984, and especially by a few memorable details in the novels. Even people who have never read Animal Farm are familiar with the cardinal rule in that novel, ?All animals are created equal, but some are more equal than others,? and of course the alarming figure of Big Brother in 1984 is even better known. These novels, however, were written very late in George Orwell's literary career after he had developed his political thought and literary craft with a great many earlier works, including novels, autobiographical essays, journalism and explicitly political essays. Almost all of these earlier writings were based at least in part on the life and experiences of the less well-known Eric Blair."
Abstract Although Burke was referring to the general populace, interpreting "the people" to mean individuals gives a new meaning to his statement. According to this alternate interpretation, the Senate and other collegial bodies can be seen as collections of individuals rather than homogeneous institutions. As individuals, Senators must interact on a level far beyond political concerns. They must deal with one another as people with varying personalities. The successful are able to use their personalities to achieve their goals. The unsuccessful are unable to do so. T?he paper intends to prove that personality plays an important role in legislative work and that successful legislators utilize their personalities in order to achieve their ends.
Examines new trends towards states rights seen in Supreme Court cases since 1992. Examination reveals that these Supreme Court cases have given more power back to the state rather than the federal government.
2,000 words (approx. 8 pages), 11 sources, 1998, $ 63.95
From the Paper "Supreme Court cases since 1992 have given more power back to the states rather than the federal government. In the history of the nation, the balance of power between the states and the national government has shifted many times. The Supreme Court has previously provided additional support to congresses obsessed with the further federalization of government control by upholding federal supremacy in almost every area. This is no longer so. The current Supreme Court under Chief Justice Rehnquist has supported the states in four recent and significant cases. Two of these cases, United States v. Lopez and Seminole Tribe of Florida, Petitioner v. Florida, et al., have ended the congressional practice of regulating local and intrastate affairs via the commerce clause in the Constitution. States' rights to local sovereignty reserved under the 10th Amendment were upheld by two other cases, New York v. United States and Printz, Sheriff/Coroner, Ravalli County, Montana v. United States. When considered together, these four cases as well as the nature of the opinions written about them present an overall trend towards states' rights."
An opinion piece as to why the War Powers Act is inane, empty and clearly an unconstitutional piece of legislation, the epitome of poorly constructed and inadequately thought out and executed legislation, and should be repealed.
945 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 3 sources, 2000, $ 33.95
From the Paper "The joint resolution "concerning the war powers of Congress and the President" was passed on November 7, 1973 above a Presidential veto; Congress made the decision to override the veto of President Nixon, a rare legislative occurrence. Such unified support among Congress indicates that the purpose of the act was primarily the self-aggrandizement of Congress, at the expense of the executive branch, compromising the balance of power. The War Powers Act is an inane, empty and clearly unconstitutional piece of legislation, the epitome of poorly constructed and inadequately thought out and executed legislation. It is frequently skirted and is most unclear. Further, it obfuscates responsibility and accountability of government officials. In the interest of the nation, the War Powers Act should be repealed."
Abstract An in-depth discussion of the meaning of freedom in American society. The author argues that freedom can only be obtained and can only have meaning on an individual level. He then supports this by examining the extent of which we are actually 'free' in American society arguing that complete freedom is still not evident.
From the Paper "Freedom is a nonentity, an abstract illusion that represents human wanting and desire for an ideal society. It is not on paper or in a word, freedom exits only in dreams or on the wings of a bird. American identity, as in the works of Douglass and Chopin, was founded on a belief in freedom but is better described by its slavery and repression. Freedom has always belonged to select groups and peoples. Every group and people to come to America, since it became America, has suffered great injustices and repression regardless of their background. America made a great industry of black slavery and black exploitation, women are still struggling to break the bounds of their slavery days and there are always new groups that are targeted every day."
Abstract This paper talks about how the role of corrections has changed since the 1960?s. The focus is mainly on community-based corrections.
From the Paper " The poverty programs of the 1960's which failed to win the war on poverty but made strong impressions on the Nation, are of particular importance for corrections. The ideology underlying those programs suggested that persons of minority origin and low socio-economic status systematically are denied access to higher status in American society. They are persistently over represented among those who experience mental and physical illness, educational failure, unemployment, and crime and delinquency. Programs that attacked such systematic exclusion from higher status used varied techniques. emphasis on cultural awareness attempted to promote dignity and pride among minority groups, inserted minority history into America's records, and resulted in new group cohesion, political clout, and often militant reactions with newly discovered strength."
Abstract In depth analysis of Proposition 34, which attempts to limit and disclose on campaign spending and contributions including. The author discusses how it was brought into the election, how long and why people have been fighting for it, as well as the pros and cons of the California proposition. Includes excellent examples with supportive quotes.
From the Paper "This year's election includes the controversial issue of Proposition 34, limits and disclosures on campaign spending and contributions. Currently, there is no limit on campaign contributions and spending in California. Proposition 208, initiating strict limits on campaign contributions and spending, was passed by voters in 1996, but was not put into effect because legal issues tied it up in court (the proposition was challenged on the grounds that its limits were unreasonably low compared to the cost of running for office in California). Proposition 34 attempts to accomplish what Proposition 208 of 1996 could not. As did Proposition 208, it intends to limit campaign contributions and loans to state candidates and political parties, but to higher levels than what Proposition 208 designated. It also attempts to provide voluntary spending limits, expand public disclosure requirements and increase penalties."
Tags: government, vote, law, campaign, contibution, spending, republican, democrat, party
Abstract This paper provides a detailed look at the FAA and its role in the Sept 11th terrorist attack aftermath. It gives a history of the establishment of this institution and asks how it will have to change to cope with the post Sept 11th reality.
From the paper:
"According to James Q. Wilson, ?War is the greatest test of a bureaucratic organization.? (Wilson, 1989, p. 45). He was of course speaking of the difficulties of leading soldiers into battle, but on September 11, airline pilots, air traffic controllers and the Federal Aviation Administration were on the front lines of a new kind of war. This essay will consider the FAA under this time of stress and rapid change."
