Abstract This paper argues in favor of public policy to implement needle exchange programs in order to reduce the risk of transmission of HIV and AIDS. The paper also presents opposing views. The paper concludes with an examination of why the U.S. is one of few nations to oppose support for needle exchange programs.
From the Paper "In the face of America's long held belief that prohibition is the only way to combat drug use in this country, there is an additional fear that is involved in being a junkie. This fear being the contraction of HIV...."
Tags: public health, government, healthcare, syringes, blood-borne pathogens, addicts, intravenous drug use, epidemic
Abstract This paper looks at how schools are funded by taxes. It looks at the distribution of federal, state, local and district taxes and how they affect quality in education.
From the Paper "Although the United States Constitution does not make any federal provisions for public education, every state's constitution guarantees some level of free public schooling for its citizens. Each state governs its own public education system and determines how it will be financed. The federal government, state governments, school districts and schools all have some decision-making role in how the money is spent with substantial variation from one school district to another. The percentage of school funding collected from different tax sources differs considerably from state to state and traditionally..."
Abstract This paper presents an assessment of the economics of health care costs. The paper argues that the problem is a complex maze of related issues such as funding mechanisms, delivery structures and individual responsibility. Additionally, the paper recommends a national health care system for managing family health care costs that is based on universal access to health care.
From the Paper "Health care economics is entering another state of turmoil in the United States as the moderating effects of the managed care concept on increasing health care costs appears to have run its course. The Congress and state governments believed the promises of managed care proponents that managed care would lower health care costs dramatically and are resisting rapid increases in health care costs. Managed care companies are responding by dropping governmentally-funded patient groups including Medicare and Medicaid raising charges to..."
Abstract This paper examines the question of whether public management is more difficult than private management. The paper compares internal and external environments, discusses the purposes of public and private organizations and looks at the issue of accountability. The paper concludes that there is not a large difference between public and private management.
From the Paper "A long-standing popular belief holds that there are fundamental differences between public agencies and private agencies or firms. This belief has the further implication that management in public agencies is in some essential ways different from management in private firms. Specifically, the implication is generally that public management is a more difficult task operating under a broader range of internal and external constraints than is private management. Is this time-honored belief accurate or are..."
Abstract "This paper discusses the efforts being made in order to improve healthcare quality in hospitals and the various agencies involved in these efforts. The paper discusses Malcolm Baldrige and his contributions to management of quality improvement. It also discusses the roles of various organizations in trying to improve quality healthcare.
From the Paper Abstract This paper looks at quality improvement in hospital healthcare in theUnited States and what is being done to promote it It first discusses thecontributions of Malcolm Baldrige in his establishment of methodologies forquality improvement then looks at the efforts of Quality ImprovementOrganizations QIO and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services CMS to develop unified systems of quality care reporting by hospitalswhich is standardized nation-wide Some of its achievements are noted andplans for the future discussed The paper also examines a
Abstract This paper explores the National Health Service (N.H.S.) in the United Kingdom. In this study, the writer claims that the N.H.S. is in crisis. The writer explains that this crisis results from extensive progress in the field of medicine, together with high expectations of the N.H.S. to offer top health care, at no cost to the individual patient. In addition, this paper explores the quality of management within the N.H.S.
From the Paper "The N.H.S. has been in existence for many years. Each successive government has tried to reform the system in order to make it more efficient and effective. The N.H.S. is in crisis and the crisis results from the extraordinary advances in medical science, combined with expectations that the NHS will provide the finest health care anywhere at no cost to the patient. This paper explores how rationing reduces the quality of health care and the alternatives to rationing."
Tags: Quality of management in National Health Service United Kingdom. Quality, Health Care, Rationing, National Health Service, NIH, Rationing, Private health care providers, Managed Care, Commodity.
Abstract In this paper the writer answers a series of five questions regarding social movements. The writer discusses how social movements are formed. The functioning of social movements is examined. In this article, the writer also discusses how social movements and their actions impact society.
From the Paper "The purpose of this brief essay is to answer a series of questions regarding social movements and their consequences. Collective action, the difficulty of establishing effective social movements, the role played by organizations in social and political movements, methods used to facilitate social change and the focus or revolutionary content of social movements are at issue herein. People act collectively in democratic and non-democratic regimes to garner strength and to promote mutual issues. Rena Palloff has noted that social change efforts attempt to impact ... "
Tags: social movements, protest movements, civil rights, collective action
Abstract In this article the writer examines contemporary federalism with regards to education in America. The writer specifically discusses the 'No Child Left Behind Act' of 2001. The writer describes the historic federalist system and the New Federalism in this paper. The writer also examines the power of federal authority over education.
From the Paper "'Power: Who has it and who wants it more?' are two themes that resonate throughout the halls of government every day. Federalism, the division of powers between a central government and regional governments often causes struggles over the relative powers of each level of government. In the United States, where government is divided into federal state and local entities, each level exercises separate powers within their own spheres of authority. By establishing such a system the Framers sought to create ... "
Abstract In this article the writer discusses various ways that the media and the Goverment use language to describe terrorism and the war against it. The writer studies language used by the Bush Administration to enlist Americans in his war on terrorism.
From the Paper "While no single definition of terrorism has gained universal acceptance, terrorism can be defined as the use of violence or the threat of violence against civilians as a political social religious or ideological weapon to change the status quo through fear or coercion. Terrorism can be state sponsored or can be committed by non-government sponsored individuals or groups. William Greider suggests in 'The Nation' that when President Bush called Americans to enlist in the war on terror, very few Americans understood the consequences of this call to ... "
Abstract The writer discusses that the separation of church and state is a basic premise that guides the American country. However, in this paper, the writer examines how today, the Catholic church seeks to break down that boundary by using its weapons--the sacrament and the sermon--to influence politicians and private citizens alike. The writer discusses the influence of the political involvement of the church and expresses a belief that such involvement is wrong.
From the Paper "If ever there was a time to examine the role of religion in politics in America, it is now. On the heels of an historic presidential election in the United States, a new mandate has been issued by the American people and it is a mandate that is steeped-perhaps even forged-in religious dogma. Ideology is nothing new to politics however today the political involvement of the church, in what is ostensibly a secular society, is changing the agenda of the average conservative ideologue in America."
Tags: catholicicm, kant, didion, personal liberty, separation of church and state, secularism
Abstract In this article, the writer examines the concept of majority rules and minority rights in the U.S. Constitution. The writer gives some present day examples of controversies regarding these issues.
From the Paper "A basic principle of democracy is majority rule and the protection of individual and minority rights which although seemingly contradictory are the very foundation of democratic government. Majority rule is a means of organizing government and deciding public issues without taking away the basic rights and freedoms of minority groups or individuals. Majority rule is spelled out in the ... "
Abstract In this article, the writer lookks at the matter of gay marriage in the United States. The writer discusses prejudices within the American society in this regard. Further, the writer discusses the importance of gay marriages to equality for homosexuals. The writer also looks at the view of the Pope and the Catholic Church on gay marriages.
From the Paper "Andrew Sullivan states that homosexual marriage can be discussed on many levels including social, societal, political and religious perspectives. One of his most important points is that any rational person considering this issue would have to concede that without the right to same sex marriage there cannot be social economic or political equality for homosexuals in America. He suggests that fear of homosexuals and homosexuality is one of the last prejudices that American society has not yet faced. He suggests that for any prejudice to be defeated ... "
Abstract This paper discusses how management theories have been applied to the running of police departments. The writer examines what mistakes have been made and what suggestions can be made in this regard. Further, the writer discusses the basics of management theory in the context of the modern criminal justice agency.
From the Paper "Recently the practice of studying the formal structure of business management theory has spread to the study of government agencies in an effort to understand what makes an organization effective. Although there are obvious differences between private businesses and government agencies, management theory attempts to bring a framework for the analysis of how effectively a particular government agency is managed. Management theory revolves around the study of organizational structures and how different structures can bring about different outcomes for the organization. The study of criminal justice organizations ... "
Tags: management theory, community policing, worker motivation
The writer of this in-depth paper analyzes the issue of child abuse in America while also delving into the measures being taken to combat this growing trend.
Abstract This well-researched paper details the various forms of child abuse including sexual, physical, verbal and psychological as well as others. This paper delves into the long-term repercussions of child abuse which effects the lives of the victims years after the actual abuse ends. These long-term results are both numerous and varied and include: Depression, low self-esteem, learning difficulties, withdrawal, obsessive compulsive disorders and anxiety amongst others. This paper discusses the role law enforcement agencies play in protecting children from abuse. This writer examines the government's position on this specific issue while delving into the new laws being implemented to protect children. This paper also discusses the growing problem of child abuse in other countries such as India and Australia. The writer contends that while the current laws that demand certain professionals such as social workers, teachers and counselors report suspected cases of child abuse are in fact aiding in combating this problem much more still needs to be done. This paper contains the results of published studies and reports as well as relevant statistics and data pertaining to this particular topic.
From the Paper "Society must respond to the fact that child abuse is still going on in the U.S. and the world today. Many different countries experience their own sting of child abuse in this day in age. In the book called Child abuse: A global view by Schwartz-Kenny, McCauley & Epstein experts from sixteen different countries are interviewed to discuss how the issues of child abuse and neglect, legal definitions of abuse, the prevalence of abuse, children's role in the legal system, and penalties for abusing a child. For example, Australia now recognizes that child abuse and neglect are more common that previously acknowledged. There has also been a growing realization that such abusive treatment endangers the physical, social, intellectual, and emotional development of affected children, and that corrective action is urgently required to minimize the long-term effects of abuse. Child abuse frequently goes unreported in Australia; therefore, there is a lack of data; however, a National Child Protection Council was introduced in 1993 by the National Child Protection Council."
The writer of this in-depth paper focuses on the resulting impact of the judicial and executive administration of justice in the city of New Orleans following the destruction and devastation brought on by Hurricane Katrina in August 2005.
Abstract This paper analyzes the various failings that took place in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina while also discussing the numerous occurrences of legal oversight by the state's administration in dealing with residents of affected areas. The purpose of this paper is to point out the state's faults and shortcomings in the aftermath of Katrina in an attempt to improve upon further efforts as they pertain to crisis situations that can and will occur in the future. This well-researched paper details the incidences of crime and looting that took place after the hurricane while examining the role of the police and other public officials that were to restore order during this time of panic and confusion. The writer looks at the impact and influence of outside agencies such as the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and the federal government who aided the city in the aftermath of Katrina. This paper also details the gross negligence and military police style tactics that were used against the victims of Katrina as they were simply trying to survive the unavoidable natural disaster that had struck their city.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction of Chapter One
Statement of Opportunity
Significance of the Project
Background and Setting
External and Internal Influences
Focus of the Project
Leadership and Growth Opportunities
Summary of Chapter One
Chapter Two - Introduction
Review of Related Literature
Findings of the Research
Chapter Three
Design and Objectives
Strategies of the Project
Appendix One
References
From the Paper "Tragically, there are those who have paid more than prison time for being poor and black in Louisiana. Indeed many have paid the price with their very lives for they had no way to escape the approaching Category 5 hurricane. Many drowned, and it is amazing upon consideration, in the attics of their houses. Forty-five individuals that were hospitals patients at the time died in the hospitals due to what has been stated to be terrible conditions with a vile stench filling the hospital. School buses that should have and could have taken many of the tens of thousands stranded with the hurricane approaching to safety sat flooded out in parking lots. No one dreamed that this could happen in America. Indeed, the U.S. is ever-so-prepared for such things [i.e. for example: terrorists] that this should have never happened. The criminal justice system will now prepare itself to address the results of this tragic natural disaster and should bolster itself for a very long day in court."
