Abstract This paper examines the process of inclusion within the public education system. The author explains that there are exceptional legal, educational, and developmental issues that encourage the inclusion process.
From the Paper "Inclusion in the public school system is a mandatory process, influenced by both the American Disabilities Act and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Amendment. The inclusion process, however, can be seen to encourage democratic education in that all students ? regardless of disability ? are allowed to receive comparable education. Legal, educational, and developmental issues support this thesis."
Tags: disability, disabled, education, needs, special, student, students
Abstract This paper looks at the realities behind the remarkable success story of the U.S. Welfare Reforms. The statistics show huge gains in employment and standard of living, but this paper shows that many of the improvements are temporary and not always correct in real terms i.e. U.S. median wage same as it was 27 years ago. Also discussed are race issues, how it is easier for whites to move out of welfare, whilst for ethnic minorities it can be seen as punitive. The paper contains many governmental figures and independent statistics showing alternative realities.
From the paper:
?The Welfare Reform Act of 1996 looks like a smashing success: it has successfully reduced welfare rolls by more than half, and cut the number of welfare recipients from 4.6 million to 2.4 million in 1999. Many welfare recipients have left the system. Instead of receiving cash grants, parents had to learn skill sand enter the labor force. They also faced a five-year lifetime limit for welfare assistance.
"But numbers are never simple. The truth is that few are thriving in this new system. The numbers show success, but if one looks beneath the surface to find out if women have truly become self-sufficient, a different story emerges. In many ways, the welfare reform act is a broken promise. Women have not truly received help to access decent jobs, and have not gained economic independence.?
Abstract The writer explores the welfare reform laws and takes the reader on a journey through various statistics and reports on how well that law is working. In addition this paper looks at why some people have a harder time than others leaving the system behind.
From the Paper "For the last few years the public has cheered the welfare reform law supporters. Americans were tired of the increasing numbers of welfare recipients. Welfare was originally developed to be a temporary stopgap measure until one could get back on their feet. In recent decades it has become a way of life for many."
Abstract This paper studies the phenomenon of interracial adoption in general and specifically adoption through the internet. It states that children of different races are priced differently on adoption sites whereas black children are the cheapest. It gives examples of several psychological studies done on transracial adoption and their various conclusions. It explains the reasons for interracial adoption and the part that governments play in this phenomenon.
From the Paper "Adoption between same-race children and parents is a difficult task. Filling the emotional needs of a child who has lost one or both parents presents a multitude of adjustment problems for both the child and adoptive parents. People who choose to adopt are compassionate and caring, or they would not want to adopt in the first place. The child is coming from place of familiarity into the unknown?and frightening. The support of the adoptive parents will help the child overcome this difficult time; at least that is the theory. In addition to changing lifestyles, sets of rules, friends, and everyone they ever knew, let us now add the change of who you are. Let us change your culture and beliefs as well. This is the problem that a child adopted into a family of a different cultural background must face. Inter-racial adoption is a form of genocide and hurts the child most of all."
Tags: race, interracial, adoption, psychology, child, parents, culture, money, United, States, Government
Abstract A discussion of the recent problem of mandatory overtime, the legislation and its effects on the worker. The essay is a two-article complementary critique on eliminating the unsafe working practice of mandatory overtime.
From the Paper "Nurses are becoming tired and overworked! As an Emergency Room RN , I can sympathize with the emerging nursing shortage. Mandatory overtime is becoming commonplace, and it is unsafe. In Mandatory Overtime-when enough is enough, M. O?Leary looks at why the nursing profession is not treated like other jobs that deal with the responsibility of human lives. ?When pilots fly, they do not have to work unsafe overtime because lives are in their hands. Semi- truck drivers also do not have to work unsafe overtime because lives are in their hands.? (O?Leary, 2000) Now, the mandatory overtime discussed is not the type when a nurse needs to stay later and catch up on charting. We all know it gets busy. This overtime is the type that employers require one to stay for a set number of hours after their regular hours have already been worked. ?As a result we must take additional actions in order to protect nurses from being forced into unsafe staffing environments by the growing risk of unsafe overtime.? (O?Leary, 2000)"
This paper presents a detailed discussion about wire-tapping, computer privacy and cell phones in the context of the age of terrorism which America finds itself entrenched in.
Abstract The following paper explores the capabilities as well as the possibilities when it comes to the maintenance or invasion of privacy in creating safety precautions without violating the constitution. This paper focuses on the need to be careful of violating the constitutional rights of the American people, even though the American government continues to seek out terrorists.
From the Paper ?America is known throughout the world as the land of the free. The United States Constitution lays out the protected freedoms of Americans more clearly than any other constitution in the world. The freedoms and the protection of privacy in this country is something that millions of immigrants flock to take part in each year as they start their life anew in the United States of America. Following the events of 9-11 however, a nervous eye has been cast in the direction of privacy issues. Wire tapping, listening in on cell phone conversations and using those conversations in court, and email privacy have all come under scrutiny. Before the attacks on the World Trade Center, the answer was very clear concerning privacy in these areas.?
Abstract The paper shows the difficulty the public administrator is faced with when deciding what is the "public interest" or "public best interest" and that sometimes the administrator has to make decisions based on the community "best" interests or the "objective control of administration". Sections of the paper include: Pluralists and the Public Administrator, The Public as Consumers, The Public as Represented, The Public as Client and the Public as Citizen.
From the Paper "Other examples can be commercials. If a child sees cereal with a toy in it, he/she will beg and cry until the mother buys the cereal. The mother may know this is not the "best interest" of the child because it lacks important vitamins or may be full of sugar. The commercial has placed value on knowing children will see the commercial and will talk their parents into buying it. The interest of the children is met, but not the "best" interest of the children."
Abstract This paper investigates and critiques social security benefits of current problems and possible solutions to the social security crisis. The paper concludes with recommendations for improving and preserving the social security system.
From the Paper "In view of the advantages and disadvantages of the current social security system, there are various proposed reforms of the social security system that would bring the system into long-run balance. There are two primary categories of proposed social security reforms: changes that preserve the basic structure of the current system with minor modifications and more dramatic transformations that either would invoke means-testing of benefits or would shift part of the system from today's pay-as-you-go insurance plan to an arrangement more like 401(k) retirement plans and individual retirement accounts."
From the Paper "This research will examine whether space exploration has provided significant benefits to human beings. The plan of the research will be to set forth the scientific and historical context in which the American space-exploration program emerged, and then to discuss the scientific and technical issues relevant to it, as well as social, political, and economic issues. Controversy surrounds evaluation of the wisdom of the space program, and for that reason arguments both in favor of and against the concept and/or execution of the program will be identified. The evidence will be analyzed with a view toward assessing which judgment of the space program appears to be most valid."
From the Paper "On a national level, several trends have emerged which affect emergency management, and which emphasize the importance of fire inspections as a pre-planning tool. There has been, for example, a shift from a federal to a local focus. This has resulted from cutbacks at the federal level. While state and local governments are not necessarily equipped to fill all of the gaps left by these cutbacks, there has been an increase in the level of effectiveness of the state and local emergency management services. There has also been a shift in demographics. As the nation ages, the elderly are settling in areas which have traditionally been sparsely populated, and which now must cater to a population with higher than normal emergency needs. In addition, the increasingly litigious environment means that emergency managers ..."
An examination of the steps of decision-making in theory and applied to public administration. Includes brainstorming, objectives, experts and alternatives, etc.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 6 sources, 2000, $ 39.95
From the Paper "Management
When we define decision making, we refer to it as a process of identifying problems and opportunities, and then resolving them. Assuming that you are a Public Administrator, how would you define and identify the problems and opportunities that exist between the "public's interest" and the "public's best interest"?
Decision Making
The decision making, or problem solving, process can be broken down into six phases, some of which overlap in some situations: recognizing the need for a decision; identifying the objectives; identifying alternatives; evaluating alternatives; selecting the best alternative; and, implementing the decision (Steers, 1991, p. 243).
This paper discusses the ethics of private firms-government dealings in government contracting: Pricing, government requirements, undue influence, accounting, fraud and bribery.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 8 sources, 1991, $ 39.95
From the Paper "Government contracts provide a particularly attractive market to private companies. There are tax benefits associated with government work, and the government has a tradition of paying its bills. Often, once a contract is obtained, there are no other competitors for that product; only one company manufactures F-18 planes, for example. Since the Department of Defense (DOD) is the largest government consumer of private contract work, it is the area which comes under the most scrutiny. Since the government's bills are ultimately paid by taxpayers, the media have recently focused attention on the subject of the ethical procedures followed and ignored by contractors. Headlines announcing $500 toilet seats and $50 hammers have raised questions among the public about the procedures DOD follows in auditing its contractors."
Abstract This paper outlines the issues relating to human resource management in the public sector, evaluates probable trends in the field's future and analyzes the efficacy of recent reform efforts. It examines how, in contrast to the private sector marketplace which leads the world in productivity, innovation, and wealth creation because it allows the market influences of free enterprise, competition, risk and reward to find their own equilibrium, the public sector has regulated these factors out of much of its daily business activity. It explores how the public sector health and human resources marketplace must find pathways to embrace these free market principles if it genuinely desires to also be known as a world class provider of goods and services.
Outline:
Introduction: The Public Sector in a Changing Social Environment
The Setting: Competing Views of the Workforce
Political Considerations
Patronage, Civil Service, and Privatization
Techniques for Defining Change
Compensation
Recruitment
Reinventing
The Issues in the Public Sector
Problems for Unions and Management
Equal Employment Opportunity and Affirmative Action
Conclusion
From the Paper "HR managers have been forced to adjust their thinking as well. The tasks which they perform have not changed, but the manner in which they perform their tasks has been revolutionized by computers, the internet, a workforce with a greater average educational level, and a greater level of customers? expectations, and a greater level of government involvement. These forces have also forced a change in the workforce. Many employees, whether in the private or public sector, are no longer content to find a 40 to 45 hour per week job."
Tags: private, competition, innovation, government
A discussion on the differences between the American Association of Pastoral Counselors (AAPC), the American Association of Christian Counselors (AACC) and the American Counseling Association (ACA).
Abstract This paper explores the differences among the code of ethics of the organizations listed above. It examines how many of the divergent codes are attributable to the religious affiliation of the AAPC accompanied by the not-for-profit roots of religious organizations. It evaluates how religion appears in referral policies and attitudes about the imposition of values in the AACC and AAPC and how religion seems to underlie these group's codes for therapist/client relationships and termination policies whereas the ACA is more liberal toward making profits as evidenced by policies regarding fees, record ownership, advertising and testing, to name a few.
From the Paper "There are no major differences among the confidentiality and conflict of interest mandates of the three groups. They respect a client's right to privacy and avoid disclosures of confidential information. All allow for confidentiality breaches only when the law requires it or if the client or someone else faces danger because of the client's actions. The AACC, the AAPC, and the ACA discourage dual relationships with clients that could affect the counseling relationship or present the opportunity for personal gain."
Abstract This paper looks at the ?No Child Left Behind Act, 2001?, which is the latest attempt by the federal government to introduce tougher measures to arrest the trend of falling standards in education especially among the less privileged. It discusses the development of public education in the U.S.A., the political nature of education and its historical and socio-cultural aspects. The aims of the "No Child Left Behind Act" in these areas as well as its pros and cons are also examined.
From the Paper "From the earliest days of America's independence, its founding fathers had realized the importance of education for the prosperity and survival of the new nation. Thomas Jefferson, author of the Declaration of Independence, called education a "crusade against ignorance" and suggested a system of free schools for all persons that would be publicly supported through taxes. (Powell) Jefferson's vision formed the basis of the US public schools system developed in the 19th century leading to free and compulsory elementary level school education for all American school children. American educators such as Horace Mann were instrumental in the 1830s and 1840s to introduce reforms focused on elementary education. The reforms were based on the notion that all young children should be schooled, and that the content of education should be the same for everyone. Mann believed that: ?The scientific or literary well-being of a community is to be estimated not so much by possessing a few men of great knowledge, as its having many men of competent knowledge.? (Quoted by Powell)"
