From the Paper
"The Federal Aviation Administration was created under the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 to best carry out ". . . the preparation, issuance, and revision of regulations governing matters of safety . . . with the day.to.day control of traffic, the inspection of aircraft and service facilities, the certification of pilots and related duties . . ." (Congress, Senate, Committee on Commerce, Science, & Transportation [CSCCST], 1987). These functions were vested in the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB); more effective performance was to occur as a result of establishing one agency to provide safe and efficient use of the airspace and to provide for the regulation and promotion of civil aviation, meaning non.military aeronautics. Until the closure of CAB in 1985, this agency (...)"

Tags: TRANSPORTATION, AVIATION

From the Paper
"Police training is a relatively new concept, especially in terms of higher education in the United States. The first criminal justice higher education programs originated at San Jose State University in the 1930s. The early study of criminology focused primarily on sociological perspectives, such as the tension of liberty inherent in the task of policing a community. Criminal justice programs expanded gradually throughout the 1940s and 1950s. By 1960, there were roughly 60 programs dedicated to the study of police and policing. Most of these programs were offered in California's higher educational system.
It was not until 1966 that substantial educational resources were committed to the study of policing. This explosion in attention has been attributed to several factors. First, an aroused awareness of constitutional civil rights came hand-in- (...)"

Tags: POLICE SCIENCE

From the Paper
"This research examines the community relations division of a metropolitan police department. In essence, the department and division are hypothetical. The data upon which the examination are based, however, are actual. Data related to several metropolitan police departments and their community relations divisions were collected, and these data were synthesized for purposes of this research.
Following this introduction, the relationship between the police department examined, and the community of which it is a part, is analyzed. Subsequent to this analysis, the organizational structure of the department is described, and this description is followed by an examination of the community relations division. The support for the division by other (...)"

Tags: POLICE, SCIENCE

From the Paper
"The issue of how to control one's competitors legally became of paramount importance to business in the late nineteenth century and has continued to be of concern from the Progessive Era through the Great Society. Even during the post-Civil War period, state and federal governments were becoming deeply involved in the functioning of the economy. They encouraged economic development by underwriting the expansion of transportation systems, selling cheaply large blocks of land, and setting up tax incentives, zoning, and rules of corporate governance. But government intervention changed after 1887 with the advent of the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC). New policies emerged at all levels of government as the size and scale of business increased. However their emergence of a national economy implied that only the federal government could create rules for corporations (Fligstein, 1990)."

Tags: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: GENERAL

From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine the concept of oversight review of police activities. In most instances, this process is accomplished by a publicly constituted body, which is most usually called a civilian review board, or a police review board.

The Underlying Issue: Accountability
An understanding of the civilian review of police activities requires first an understanding of the use by police of the term civilian. The ordinary citizen tends to differentiate civilians from members of the nation's armed, uniformed military services. The police in the United States, however, use the term civilian in different contexts. First, there is the distinction within a police organization between sworn and unsworn personnel. Sworn ... "

From the Paper
"The purpose of this paper is to examine the Federal Reserve System, the central banking system of the United States. The evolution and history of the Federal Reserve System is first discussed, followed by the administrative structure and the functions of the Federal Reserve System. A primary function of the Federal Reserve System is to establish monetary policy. Thus, the role of the Federal Reserve System in establishing monetary policy is reviewed. Discussion concludes with the impact of political and public pressure imposed upon the Federal Reserve System.

Evolution and History
Prior to the twentieth century, the United States lacked a central bank. The country's economic and territorial expansion was financed by a decentralized system of . ."

From the Paper
"In the mid 1950s, Milton Friedman proposed a voucher system for schooling. This idea for educational reform had the intention of giving parents more choice in their children's education and of equalizing the quality of education among all socioeconomic groups. Many critics at the time considered Friedman's proposal to be wild and impractical, even though such a system was in use in British Columbia, Canada.

During the late 1960's, the concept of vouchers raised little opposition. Well-known supporters included Friedman, Mario Fantini, and Christopher Jencks. However, it gradually became apparent that the thinking behind the voucher system actually was related to different, and sometimes conflicting goals. Some regarded vouchers primarily as a way to increase equality through reallocation of resources. ... "

From the Paper
"Introduction
The California Lottery is today a well-established institution, seemingly accepted throughout the state, with millions of customers each week paying money to play a variety of games offering potential prizes up to several million dollars. The passage and implementation of the lottery in California can be analyzed according to policy formation with reference to the stakeholders involved and the arguments offered on both sides of the issue. The issue will be analyzes according to Process and Rationalism.


California is not the only state to institute a state lottery, and the fact that California has done so is in part a response to a perception of success in other states. Yet, this is also an issue that has raised serious questions regarding..."

From the Paper
"Health Maintenance Organizations


Boland (1991) reports that, although health maintenance organizations (HMOs) offer employers and insurance companies ways to substantially curb health-care costs, there are still concerns that contracts fail to further reduce such outlays. At issue is that HMOs have phenomenal start-up costs that necessarily build in concerns for revenue generation. This means that HMO administrators will look for any way possible to reduce operation expenditures, including the implementation of policies that may result in clients not receiving the necessary care, clients receiving such care in shorter than indicated time-frames, and in pressuring employees to work harder, leading to increased stress and dissatisfaction. In addition to these, HMOs generally lack the ability to provide for physician continuity, in that these..."

From the Paper
"The National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) is responsible for funding many art projects throughout the United States. Recently, controversy has arisen concerning the group's funding of what right-wing fundamentalists consider "pornographic" art. As reported by NEA chair John Frohnmayer: "A dozen arts professionals in Seattle were informed that 'political realities' make it likely I will have to veto some grants recommended by the Endowment's peer panels.". These "political realities" come in the form of protests from people like Pat Robertson and Senator Jesse Helms who feel the NEA has recently funded some artists' works depicting what they consider "obscenity."
The NEA has funded many worthwhile projects in communities all over the country, for example, orchestras performing Brahms and Prokofiev's "Peter and the Wolf." However, shows exhibiting..."

From the Paper
"The issue of abortion is one of the most divisive social and political issue in America today. There are two opposing armies of dedicated true-believers, one opposing abortion under any circumstances because they view it as the murder of an unborn child, and the other upholding the idea of choice as an absolute allowing the woman to secure an abortion without hindrance at any point in her pregnancy. "

From the Paper
"INTRODUCTION

For many people today, people who can be heard on talk shows across the nation, people who speak on television and campaign for change, people who refuse to vote or have anything to do with the political process--for these people and others, political corruption is such a fact of life that they cannot separate the idea of government and government officials from corrupt practices. Many decry the fact, but many others have accepted it as a way of life. In cities like New York, scandals erupt several times a year to show that political leaders are taking bribes and kickbacks to do their job with less vigor than is required. Federal corruption probes also seem to be more and more common, with indictments, trials, and convictions against members of Congress, judges at almost every level, appointees ..."

From the Paper
There were several programs reportedly supported by President George Bush during his administration, among which was the Choice Program. This program included various forms of open enrollment for students, thereby giving them and their parents enhanced control over the selection of school attended. The Choice Program, which was strongly promoted by President George Bush, could conceivably provide the stimulation of competition among schools so that they compete for funding via the voucher system (Tifft, 1989, p. 54) notes of this program: Choice. The idea sounds so compelling compared with the tyrannical grip most public schools have over families. But it is a policy that excites divergent passions. No school district can please all students all the time, ... but without choice, school districts have little incentive to..."

From the Paper
"The cost of health care services in the United States is a matter of pervasive national concern, as the cost of health care services, more than any other single factor, limits access to such services. The interrelationship between costs and access is particularly in the rural areas of the country. This research explores alternative approaches to health care reform in the United States. Health care costs are integral to all approaches to reform. Four types of generic reform proposals are considered in this research--insurance innovation, delivery system reorganization, mandating minimum benefits, and universal coverage. This research argues in favor of universal coverage, as described in "Nursing's Agenda for Health Care Reform" (American Nurses Association, 1991, p. 1). The four types of generic reform proposals are discussed in the contexts of..."

From the Paper
"Although a geographic information system (GIS) cannot prevent manmade or natural disasters from occurring, a number of governments are discovering that it is a valuable tool when it comes to the aftermath of rescue and recovery. For example, even before the winds had died down during Hurricane Andrew in Dade County, Florida in 1992, workers at Dade County's Information Technology Department (ITD) were working around the clock assembling the information kept by various agencies throughout the region in preparation for the recovery (Michelsen, 1993, p. 34). County departments maintain extensive databases containing information everything from hazardous waste sites, and a GIS provides the electronic mapping framework for organizing, displaying, analyzing, and storing data used throughout the county."