Abstract This paper examines the legal cases involving the invasion of privacy that is protected under the fourth amendment. It investigates the changes that have come about in this law through court decisions and also the way that it is enforced. The paper gives special attention to the issue of unwarranted search and equal practice of the 4th amendment.
From the Paper "The invasion of privacy is something that is taken very seriously in the United States of America and it is for this reason that the fourth amendment encompasses all areas in this respect, and safeguards the rights of all individuals. Although it is not very clear if this law is uniform or not because there appear to be cases where there has been exceptions to what the 4th amendment really says. "
Tags: 4th, constiution, bill, of, rights, indvidual, legal, privacy, usa, united, states, unwarranted, search, equal, practice
Abstract This paper describes undisclosed bottled water contamination in America. The paper reports that most of the bottled water is not frequently checked, and that a small percent of it is unsafe for the public. It illustrates how the American public has been advertised into perceiving that bottled water is pure and clean. The author calls for the labeling of bottled water to disclosing the water source, treatments and other key information.
From the Paper "According to a four-year scientific study made recently public by Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) stated that the sales of bottled water in the United States have been blown up in recent years, mainly as a result of a public awareness of purity driven by advertisements and packaging labels featuring unspoiled glaciers and crystal-clear mountain springs. However, bottled water sold in the United States does not necessarily cleaner or safer than most tap water (NRDC)."
Abstract This paper examines the planning and management of disaster and fire relief workers and their efforts. It describes the need for a large management system for orchestrating the disaster response; the system used is the incident command system (ICS) for commanding, controlling and coordinating the efforts of individual agencies as they work toward the common goal of stabilizing an emergency or disaster, while making every effort to protect life, property and the environment. The paper examines this system accomplishes these tasks effectively and economically through centralized communications and training.
From the Paper "The ICS was created as a response to other non-standard terminology's failure to expand or contract as required by the situation. By enabling various agencies to communicate with each other and expand and contract to help emergency situations, the ICS prevents chaos, individualism, injury, and further damage, while enabling agencies to collect, evaluate and disseminate information about the development of the incident and use of resources."
Abstract The paper begins by giving a history of government involvement in healthcare in America. It looks at federal, state and local roles of government in the provision of health-care services and the problems that the "working-poor" have with access to healthcare. It then focuses on the state of Florida as a state where healthcare problems are particularly acute, owing to the demographic features of the state and its position as a major tourist attraction. After specifying challenges, the paper proposes a strategic plan for dealing with the system that is in crisis.
From the Paper "At the beginning of the 21st century, the American health care system is showing significant signs of stress. The state of Florida will not escape the problems faced by the country as a whole ? in fact, specific demographic features of the state, such as its large number of older Americans and the large number of Floridians working in the service sector -- will mean that the challenges of providing access to health care will be particularly acute in Florida."
Abstract This paper begins by presenting some basic demographic facts about Massachusetts. It then discusses the question why prices in the state continue to rise. It looks at statistics regarding population growth trends and migration which also influence the housing shortage crisis. The paper ends with a list of practical alternative solutions to this problem.
From the Paper "Officially named the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, the state is 13th amongst the 50 United States. It has a population of a little more than 6 million people as of 1990 US census Bureau figures. Comprising of 302 town and 49 cities, with the capital at Boston, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts covers a total area of some 8,000 square miles with a population density of 768 persons per square mile. (Galvin, 2002). The following paper will discuss some aspects on the shortage of housing in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts."
Tags: population, growth, migration, demography, statistics, crisis, density, census
Abstract The paper reviews the disaster plan put out by Queens, N.Y. It shows that awareness about the importance of Community Disaster plans is on the rise and the American Red Cross and fire department are doing their best to educate the community of Queens, New York. The paper shows that what is important is that the disaster plan is practiced regularly and carried out as planned during times of emergency. It surmises that the disaster plan is very effective and covers nearly all issues helping to save more lives and property.
From the Paper "The Disaster Plan although very useful and helpful can be further improved upon by giving more importance and consideration to a few issues. The most important is working out a plan on how to help the disabled and handicapped members of the neighborhood. This also applies to elderly people who may have mobility problems. Although the above disaster plan applies to them, a few more points should be taken into consideration. The old and the disabled should provide a spare key to their house to any of the nearby neighbors. All emergency health supplies and necessary medicines should be kept within easy reach."
Abstract The paper begins with a general discussion of the concept of monopoly in business and how the U. S. Postal Service fits in with this definition. Arguments by the Postal Service and by critics of the system are presented. Example of alternatives from other countries are examined as possible solutions.
From the Paper "America is a free market system economy, but that does not mean that there are no checks and balances on businesses at all. Indeed, between the law of business associations, the Securities and Exchange Commission, and several other guide posts, American businesses are only free to operate within the paradigms of regulatory rules.
"One of the rules by which American businesses need to operate is the rule prohibiting monopolies. This word "monopoly" has various significations:"
Abstract The benefits of the incident command system as a vital tool utilized by emergency service agencies. The paper describes how this system allows the various emergency units to cooperate with each other in times of need. It outlines the problems which can occur, and offers solutions to these issues.
From the Paper "The incident command system that is utilized by fire services and other emergency service agencies is describes as "a standardized on-scene emergency management concept specifically designed to allows its users to adopt an integrated organizational structure equal to the complexity and demands of single or multiple incidents, without being hindered by jurisdictional boundaries" (NICI)."
Abstract This paper examines the social ramifications of police corruption as a suitable topic for investigation. It describes that numerous studies demonstrate that police corruption continues to be a significant issue in contemporary society. The author writes that integrity and social order go hand in hand, but human behavior can demean even the powers that be, e.g. police officers. The paper states that power can be a weapon and even among the law-abiding can be misused and abused. The paper analyzes the two types of corruption that are identified: monetary and bureaucratic corruption.
From the Paper "Since in any corrupt action the prospect, on the part of at least two actors, of a (personally defined) success of the interaction is what motivates the exchange to be undertaken, corruption is an attribute of a type of interaction. In corruption two or more people are involved who anticipate a successful outcome of the exchange relation. Since corruption involves at least one corrupter and one corruptee, it is the type of social action undertaken that constitutes corruption. This remark may seem rather superfluous. It is however important to keep in mind that corruption denotes a type of exchange relation because it explains one of its typical features in comparison with other (instrumental) illegal acts. Corruption is not a matter of 'partners in crime' but of 'criminal partnership' vis-?-vis a legal regulation of interaction. Consequently, the negative (victimization) effects of corruption are largely indirect. The victim of the corrupt interaction is often unaware of the harm done to him/her. However real the victimization as a result of corruption, it does usually not present itself immediately to the victim, but results 'secretly' in a loss of money or power (and is therefore often a source of fierce condemnation after the victimization has been revealed)."
Abstract The issue of whether or not prayer should be allowed in schools has long been debated. This paper attempts to equally present both sides of the debate and also weigh in on the pros and cons of the issue. It also reviews what types of prayers may be said in schools if mandatory prayer is allowed. In addition, it discusses who will make the final decision as to whether or not prayer should be allowed in schools.
From the Paper "There are four major reasons why advocates believe that prayer should be allowed in school. These reasons are; the elimination of school prayer leads to moral decline, the government is based on religious principles, the free exercise of religion clause allows for school prayer, and the majority of Americans advocate school prayer. (School Prayer a Community at War)"
Abstract This paper reviews the book, "Criminal Justice: Confronting the Prison Crisis", by Elihu Rosenbalt; which is a collection of research done on the American prison system and the issue of abuse within it. The paper begins with a synopsis of the book's structure. The paper focuses on two articles in particular, "The Labor of Doing Time" by Julie Browne and "Gardens of the Law: The Role of Prisons in the Capitalist Society" by Joel Olsen. It summarizes and assesses the opinions of these two writers on the American prison system.
From the Paper "Two articles that caught my attention are written by Julie Browne and Joel Olson, entitled, "The Labor of Doing Time" and ?Gardens of the Law: The Role of Prisons in the Capitalist Society,? respectively. The piece by Julie Browne discussed the history of forced labor among convicts in prisons, and Browne provides historical and critical analyses of the said issue, citing different instances in history where human rights of the prisoners were violated, and where they are constantly exposed to abuse and poverty. Browne's article focused on the issues of inequality, economic profit to capitalist companies/businesses, and injustice to prisoners in US prison systems. Browne introduced us readers to the terms "convict leasing" and ?chain gangs,? terms that resulted from the Convict Lease System that was founded and implemented during the 19th century. Under this kind of system, companies team-up with prison administration on a business venture, with the arrangement that the former would provide greater funding for that particular prison, while the latter will provide the workers that will be needed for the production and manufacturing of the company's products or goods."
Abstract This paper presents a step by step guide for a hospital for implementing changes which will make the system run more smoothly, minimize wasted resources and be more cost-efficient. The program is laid out in five steps - 1. Amalgamate acquirement receiving with copy cataloging; 2. Combining complicated copy cataloging, copy-assisted cataloging, and some record maintenance; 3.Consolidating original monograph cataloging units; move responsibility for pub recall; 4.Digital initiative support and 5.Consolidate database management.
From the Paper "The objectives of this change plan are few and to the point. The need for this change arose when we felt the need for this new department due to the loss of work. In order to make the hospital a more manageable place and for its records to be easily available to doctors and nurses the following points must be taken in view. The flow of work as we lose staff through attrition, reassignment, retirement, etc. The staff has to be moved in a staff development direction, i.e., to broaden skills for future flexibility within and outside of the hospital."
Abstract The demographics of the national defense industry are discussed, including the size of the defense forces and their mission. The major factors facing the aerospace industry today, such as the lack of funds for research and development of new technologies and the loss of U.S. superiority in space, are outlined.
From the Paper "In the area of national defense, there are two major demographic forces at work. A primary worry is the number of people serving in the armed services, and their missions. An armed service prepared mainly for peacekeeping missions is one very different from one prepared for combat, and today, most of our military force is primarily regarded as a peacekeeping force. Many also believe the military should somehow represent the demographics of our society, which is not always possible or necessary.
Adding to that stress is the notion of some that the U.S. military must replicate society, responding to a variety of domestic demographic and social issues. To presume that the military must replicate society is, we believe, another dangerous notion. While the military must represent society, it cannot replicate society without eroding the very basis of the military's purpose and cohesion (Sarkesian and Connor 435)."
Tags: peacekeeping, combat, military, space, army, funding, space, satellites, power
This in-depth paper seeks to clarify, thoroughly explain and critically debate the idea as to whether there is a shift from old styles of Public Administration to new styles under the name New Public Management (NPM).
Abstract The main tenets of NPM are explored and their application to the U.S., New Zealand, and the U.K. is documented. The application of the NPM to developing countries of Africa, Latin America, South East Asia and the Anglophone Caribbean is also evaluated for their strengths and weaknesses.
From the Paper "Like the Traditional bureaucracy, the New Public Management approach is yet another "problem-solving tool" in the schema of public administration, that has emerged with a style of ordering the delivery of public goods and services, however, with a different method in mind. In discussing the so-called "shift" from Old or Traditional forms of Public Administration, or as some such as Christopher Hood term it, Progressive Public Administration, quite a number of circumstances, situations, contexts as well as a variety of explanations should be proffered and assessed. One needs to critically examine the concept of a shift to New Public Management. The term "shift", if one is not careful, could indicate a sharp distinction in the change from Old to New styles of Public Management, or a leap from one paradigm to the other excluding essential features of the old, by replacing such features of the old with the new. This is certainly not the case. It should be noted tentatively, that New Public Management, as Hood, Patrick Dunleavy and others will later confirm, not only exists alongside other aspects of the traditional Model, but also that other features of other "Intermediate Models" such as those of the Management, Comparative Development and the influences of earlier Market Models, still persist alongside NPM."
Tags: asia, bureaucracy, caribbean, developed, developing, America, New-Zealand, Britain, Government
Abstract This paper explores the works of two scholars in regulation analysis, Robert Baldwin and Martin Cave. The paper presents their arguments about whether or not there can be 'good' regulation, what this means and how regulation can be defined and practiscd in developed and develping countries. Problems in achieving the essentials of regulation are discussed and recommendations are made drawing on a wide cross-section of case-studies and examples from the U.S., U.K., Africa, the Caribbean and South East Asia.
From the Paper "The topic of regulation is one of elusive character, both in conceptual meaning and in practice. Given the fact that regulation is eclectic and multidisciplinary, the idea of good regulation is difficult to be achieved considering many factors such as the public and private sectors as well as voluntary or community groups and even academics to whom such "good regulation" might mean different things. Contributing to this mode of dissension is the fact that economists and political scientists seem to treat regulation differently, as the former accentuate regulation for efficiency and the latter concentrate on the matter of public interest."
