Examines govt. efforts to reduce toxins. Looks at the environmental Protection Agency, Clinton administration, examples of pollution & effects and monitoring air quality.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 7 sources, 1994, $ 47.95
From the Paper " Ideally, a risk-free environment is one where all the technologies that are being utilized work together harmoniously, so that no pollution or danger to the public exists. However, creating a risk-free environment is a complex task. Too often efforts to resolve one environmental problem fail to consider the effects this solution will have on other environmental risks. For example, although the industrial release of toxins into the U.S. environment fell in 1992 for the fifth straight year, waste generation rose slightly.. Furthermore, while scientists are working on a fuel cell power supply that could power the cares of the 21st century--which would use hydrogen and oxygen to produce electric power with less pollution than other fuels.--a recent Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) report raises the possibility that the so-called "zero emission," or electric.."
From the Paper "Scope of Illegal Immigration
The United States has been unable to stem the tide of illegal aliens who are estimated to number more than 3.5 million (Yang, 1994, p. 34). California absorbs more than 50 percent of the nation's illegal immigrants (Wagar, 1994, p. 4). Because of the burden this places on the state economy, California has been leading the call for a close review of federal immigration laws. However, other states like Arizona, Florida and Texas are asking for more federal funding to reimburse them for services spent on illegal aliens, such as medical care, imprisonment and education.
History of Illegal Immigration
One of the reasons why the illegal aliens have become so difficult to stop is an ideological problem in the United States concerning immigration. The U.S. government cannot determine whether it wishes..."
This paper discusses the implementation of Total Quality Management TQM in the fire service: Goals, benefits, problems, training, measuring quality, equipment and recommendation.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 7 sources, 1995, $ 55.95
From the Paper "Can the principles of total quality management (TQM) be applied to service industries? Originally developed for manufacturers, quality management has received much attention in recent years as a way for business to improve its productivity and profitability. This research examines TQM with an emphasis on its applicability to the fire service.
This paper discusses issues for managing pluralistic immigrant population in a sociocultural context from a nursing perspective: Autonomy, group dynamics, women's roles and self-concepts.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 12 sources, 1995, $ 47.95
From the Paper "Managing diversity in contemporary nursing practice involves pluralism in both the ranks of professional nurses and patient populations. Increasing cultural pluralism within the nursing profession emphasizes the need to both understand and manage group processes in contemporary healthcare organizations. The delegation of autonomy to groups within nursing practice empowers nurses within groups to develop the strategies that effectively integrate pluralistic perspectives. The integration of culturally differing perspectives within healthcare organizations is accomplished through the process of group dynamics. For the nurse manager developing care practice plans for members of foreign cultural groups residing within the United ... "
Abstract This paper aims to prove that the U.S. government should not regulate the Internet. It shows how the government has used a number of reasons to support its quest for regulation, such as protecting children, yet it has ignored the fact that there are other methods to control harmful and illegal material online without hindering the Internet's growth and capabilities. It examines how the Internet is currently a major example of the First Amendment: freedom of speech and how on the Internet, people can say whatever they want without consequence. It attempts to assess how it would be impossible for any single government or nation to completely regulate the internet, because by nature, the Internet is resistant to control and regulation.
From the Paper "The government claims that the Internet should be regulated because pornographic and hate sites need to be controlled. However, these sites are only a very small part of the Internet. In addition, there are already existing laws throughout the world that regulate these sites, enabling authorities to track, investigate, arrest and convict parties engaging in illegal Internet activities, including credit fraud, hacking, pedophilia and more (117).
Government regulation, such as blocking Web sites from harmful or illegal content is a drastic and unnecessary measure that does solve the problems presented by the Internet. Even if the regulation were successful, it would be impossible to solve the problem of sites outside the U.S. The government still continue to argues that this regulation is necessary, particularly to protect the children."
Abstract This paper discusses the problems created by the shortage of qualified nurses that is requiring unit managers to contribute additional effort to fulfill all of the required responsibilities of the nursing unit. The paper presents a shared leadership model in which the stress of the nurse's job is balanced as various nursing and administrative tasks are shared among several nurses. The author admits that the skills needed to develop this model are extensive and require training, but the development of this new organizational structure is likely to result in significant reductions in employee stress.
From the Paper "The hospital unit must become a catalyst for cultural and organizational change in order for a shared leadership initiative to result in success. Although this task may be difficult, it is essential to provide nurses with the feeling that they are not taken advantage of in the workplace. If nurses are provided with new responsibilities, they are likely to exhibit gratification and a sense of exhilaration in their careers. Nurse Managers, who are often times overwhelmed themselves with endless responsibility, are likely to welcome the changes that would be demonstrated through a shared leadership structure."
This paper examines transportation policies in Washington, D.C. and London, then suggests possible improvements based on principles of urban development.
Abstract This paper discusses current policies and challenges that two major cities -- Washington D.C. and London -- face in developing improved transportation systems. After comparing and contrasting each city, principles of urban development are applied to suggest new and better policies for dealing with the creation of larger and more effective systems.
From the Paper Urban development is a vast topic that affects all individuals in an industrialized area. One of the most important topics of urban development is transportation. Some cities have successful policies to help aid public transportation while other lack resources and cultural beliefs about making certain policies for these systems. Two cities that have very unique ways of handling transportation issues Washington, D.C. in the United States, and London in the United Kingdom.
Tags: government, industry, policy, political, science, resources, city, infastructure
Abstract This paper discusses that business are taking undue advantage of favorable federal revenue policies. The paper points out that businesses are using government money to develop products that they then turn around and sell to the public at very high prices. The author feels that these advantages must be eliminated to support the common welfare of the country.
From the Paper "One by one our leading business corporations are reeling under accounting scams. I need not mention how well such a giant corporation like "Enron" managed to disguise its financial information from the government and the stockholders. In the prevailing scenario I agree with the author that the government needs to exercise care before granting corporate privileges. Businesses are exploiting the loopholes in tax laws by clever manipulations. One such debatable issue is the "Foreign tax credit" scheme. The government of United States has lost billions of dollars from multinational corporations in the name of deductions for taxes paid to other nations. "
A paper discussing the effect of globalization on the nation state, and viewing the change through the theoretical perspectives of institutionalism, pluralism and Marxism.
Abstract This paper discusses globalization and uses three theoretical perspectives from which the phenomena can best be described - institutionalism, pluralism and Marxism. It examines each of these theories in depth in order to establish which offers the best explanation for globalization. The paper concludes that no theory is adequate to explain the effect of globalization, but that pluralism offers the best chance to ward off some of the negative affects of globalization.
From the Paper "Perhaps the most meaningful explanation of these diverging interpretations of what globalization is and how it should be defined is the result of the varying theoretical stances of academics on how best to conceptualize a nation-state. Specifically, the nature of the challenge that that globalization will have on a state, and the correct prescription for action, depends on what theoretical interpretation of the state to which one subscribes. Institutionalists note the proliferation of private and often oligopolistic networks of trans-governmental and non-governmental organizations, and the issues which they both address, and fail to address. For Marxists, globalization is a process of "hollowing-out" the state and enhancing the power of trans-national capital. Finally, the closed and intergovernmental model of trans-national relations appears to frustrate attempts at plural influence, removing many issues for the preview of domestic democratic governance. It will be suggested that no theory is sufficient to solve the problems associated with globalization, but that pluralism offers the best prospect for incremental progress."
Abstract This paper describes the history and function of the Federal Reserve, one of the two most important central banks in the world, along with the Bank of Japan. The paper explains the real policy-making body for the Federal Reserve is the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC), which fixes the federal-funds rate, or the rate at which banks lend to one another, and decides monetary growth targets. The author states that the Federal Reserve is an independent entity, though there are those who doubt that it is as politically insulated as it is supposed to be.
From the Paper "The Federal Reserve System was formed by an act of Congress in 1913 and was to function as a central bank for the government and the people of the United States. In these functions, the Federal Reserve remains one of the most powerful institutions in American society, influencing the growth of the money supply, affecting interest rates, and playing a large roll in the pace and direction of spending by every citizen and every business. In addition to the 12 district banks, there are some 5,500 private member banks in the Federal Reserve System. Member banks elect six of the nine directors of their district bank, and they in turn recommend some of the people who sit on the two committees in Washington to make or advise on policy for the entire system."
Abstract This paper, using Pennsylvania as a model, demonstrates the differences between state budgeting policies and federal budgeting policies. It shows how the budgeting techniques in the federal government have some major differences, when compared to those in the Pennsylvania State government; these differences include a lack of a separate capital budget, different budget cycles and timelines, and budgetary policy differences.
From the Paper "The federal government uses only one budget to lay out its financial obligations, whereas Pennsylvania uses two separate budgets. The single operating budget used by the federal government is required to outline federal expenditures from purchases to service contracts. Pennsylvania, however, has one budget that outlines services, entitlements and education expenses, and a different budget to make new purchases on capital improvements. The former is called the General Fund, and the latter is the Capital budget. Pennsylvania uses two budgets because the General Fund is used for purchases and contracts that will take place within that fiscal year, and the Capital budget is used to forecast capital purchases in the next five years. In this manner, Pennsylvania can keep better track of its assets and have a tighter grip on where its money is spent. The biggest advantage to having a separate budget for capital improvements is it allows the possibility of change. When funding is appropriated on the federal level, the department gets its money all at once and builds whatever it needs. For a state, though, a program may be feasible at the time of its announcement, but may have to be restricted due to extenuating circumstances (i.e. September 11th and the economic downfall.) "
Abstract This paper develops a policy analysis of the change to Code Section 20-2-143 of the Official Code of Georgia annotated relating to sex education in Georgia public schools. This policy analysis is performed in relation to several factors including historical, social, economic, political, and policy evaluation. It examines the problems of the increasing prevalence of both teenage pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases among teenagers and how attitudes toward school and educational expectations have the strongest influence on the problem of adolescent premarital pregnancy and its resolution.
Outline
Introduction
Historical Analysis
Prior Programs and Policies
Development of Bill 1654
Prior Experience in Dealing with Adolescent Sexual Activity: What Has Been Learned?
Consideration of Bill 1654 in Relation to Prior Experience
Social Analysis
Economic Analysis
Political Analysis
Policy Evaluation
Policy Alternatives
Summary
From the Paper "Adolescent pregnancies and resulting births are complex problems not only for the mother and child, but for society as a whole. The factors that place adolescents at risk for pregnancy and parenthood are varied. These factors include the sexual behavior of adolescents, the role of self esteem, attitudes toward school, educational expectations of parent and teachers and the adolescents themselves, and access to health care. The inherent problems related to adolescent pregnancies involve personal, physical, interpersonal, social, religious, ethical, and economic issues. The pregnant adolescent is placed at physical, psychological, social, and educational risks. The outcomes of such risks typically are come combination of poor parenting skills and a lifetime in a lower socioeconomic status (Frost & Forrest, 1995)."
Abstract Public administrators must balance the needs of the public with the available resources and take a long-term approach to many of the decisions facing them. Throughout this process, the public administrator must choose from alternatives (sometimes from many alternatives), each of which may well serve the public's interests, but only a few of which are in the public's best interest. The paper shows that the decision making, or problem solving, process can be broken down into six phases, some of which overlap in some situations. It discusses all six of these phases: recognizing the need for a decision; identifying the objectives; identifying alternatives; evaluating alternatives; selecting the best alternative; and implementing the decision.
From the Paper "Brainstorming and cause-and-effect diagrams can be used to help isolate problems. Through these methods, individuals involved in the problem solving process can determine what the underlying cause of the problem is rather than just approach the problem from the symptom standpoint. These techniques, particularly brainstorming, can also be used to generate alternative solutions later on in the decision making process. Unfortunately, these techniques can be difficult to use when working with the public interest. Staff members can use brainstorming during private sessions, and then present the ideas generated at those sessions during public hearings. Ideally, key public representatives can be included in the decision making process to help identify and separate the public interest from the public best interest using these techniques."
Abstract This paper attempts to understand the concepts behind community policing, developed in response to a growing awareness that the incident-based paradigm of policing was not producing the desired outcomes. It examines how, in the contemporary United States, several factors combine to create tensions between police departments and community areas of high ethnic and racial concentration. It looks at how this increased incidence of crime within these neighborhoods of and the tendency for police forces to be composed predominantly of individuals drawn from the majority Anglo population group lead to conflicts in many communities. A literature review is supplemented with findings developed through interviews with serving police officers in eastern Pennsylvania in the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton area.
From the Paper "Problems of a special character also are encountered with respect to crime type (violent versus property) and offender (adult versus juvenile). Crime in the United States, particularly violent crime, has been a major concern of the American population for decades. Although incumbent politicians, of whatever political party, usually supply statistics to indicate that the crime problem has been and is being effectively dealt with under their administrations, most people, particularly those residing in the country's urban areas, tend to perceive little improvement in the situation (Kelling & Coles, 1996)."
Abstract This paper looks at the issue of rent control in cities in America. The writer looks at the benefits of rent control for tenants and cites that many cities do not have rent control and some tenants' and liberal groups believe it should be instituted. The paper then provides the counter argument, from the landlord's point of view.
From the Paper "Rent control is an idea with great appeal for the beleaguered tenant who feels that rents are too high and that there has been no government effort to correct the problem. Advocates see it as a way of imposing fairness, but in truth it imposes unfairness and disparity between people who have rented for a long time and new renters. It reduces the incentives landlords have to repair their buildings and to make improvements. It takes the profit out of being a landlord, and it effectively eliminates competition in housing in urban regions. In many cases, it has also created a black market in sublets, with those paying little for rent because they have rent-controlled apartments renting them for higher prices to others illegally. An interview with a 50-year old male, referred to as the Landlord, with experience of the rent control situation in santa Monica, illuminates the landlord side of the issue, while it is usually the renter's side that is represented in arguments for rent control."
