A comparative review of the research literature on youth violence. This paper analyzes three current research articles that focus on the correlation between exposure to violence in youth with other variables such as: gender, race and ethnicity and neighbo
3,940 words (approx. 15.8 pages), 7 sources, 2001, $ 107.95
Abstract This paper presents a detailed discussion on the causes of violence and the risks of exposure to violence in youth. The author looks at three studies that research the above by investigating family functioning and community surroundings, personal victimization and relations to victims and effects of home and race.
From the Paper "Although the research compiled on the causation of violence in youth is endless, few studies have focused their attention onto the exposure of violence in youth as a cause of aggressive or violent behavior. Additionally, fewer studies have researched what the risks of exposure to violence in youth consist of. In order to decrease violence in our youth, we must be aware of the risks. To accomplish this goal, research must be conducted, reviewed and continued. Three recent studies on the risk of exposure to violence are discussed within. All three studies included minority adolescent participants and ranged from ages 10-19, while two of the studies included the adolescents? primary care providers. Independent variables in one study primarily focused on family functioning and community environments. The second study looked mainly at personal victimization and relationships to victims in violence witnessed. The third study's primary independent variables were devoted to household income and race/ethnicity. By conducting research through interviews and self-report questionnaires, performing statistical tests, including chi square and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), each of the studies found significant results in relation to a risk of violence exposure. Lastly, further research suggestions for different perspectives on exposure risks in youth are included."
Abstract Research paper on the effects of advertisements on children. The author examines why and how advertisements target children and how children are affected psychologically.
From the Paper "?Prior to attending kindergarten, the average child will see 5,000 hours of television. By the time most children graduate from high school, they will have watched an estimated 22,000 hours of TV,? (Marconi, 56). During these thousands of hours, the children view commercial after commercial and it has been shown that many of these commercials are targeted towards children. This abundant exposure to commercials has raised many concerns about how these advertisements affect children psychologically. Many people believe that children are being manipulated by advertisements, which affects the way the children think and live."
Abstract This paper examines certain theories that make people work harder to achieve their goals. This paper shows that our behaviors, particularly our desire to strive to achieve a goal, are influenced by several factors and that these factors can be manipulated to control behavior. The author examines the idea that a person's perception of his ability to achieve success is more important than his actual ability to do so.
From the Paper "A manager who constantly threatens with punishment and tells his employees they are worthless and lazy can expect nothing more than to have worthless, lazy employees. If he tells his employees that they are the best in the business, then he can expect no more than the best efforts that his employees can give. Involving the employees in decisions and letting them make suggestions will give them a more internal locus of control. Setting reasonable goals and giving positive encouragement to achieve them will make them want to do even more than expected. Applying the principles of expectancy/value theory and attribution theory can cause employees to be self-motivated into achieving ever-greater levels of success."
Abstract This paper defines and examines the different types of learning disabilities that affect children. The author looks at research studies that compare the achievement of children with learning disabilities like dyslexia with children who are not impaired by a disability. The paper discusses LDs in conjunction with behavioral and emotional disabilities as well. The paper also mentions strategies that may improve the educational goals of children with LDs.
From the Paper "It is not easy to say who is a learning disabled. A lot of arguments have taken place for a certain time in order to classify the learning disabled. According to the term "specific learning disability" means ?a disorder in one or more basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, which may manifest itself in an imperfect ability to listen, speak, read, write, spell, or do mathematical calculations."
Abstract Analysis of book based on therapy sessions of a fictitious family (a composite of real cases). Napier gives an account of these sessions together with his family therapy theory and practice. The therapeutic process. Therapy construction used. Basic patterns and problems of clients. Contends book pesents an excellent example of the therapist's reasoning and practice.
From the Paper ""The Family Crucible" (1988) is Augustus Napier's artfully written account of the course of therapy undertaken by the Brice family and conducted by the author and his former teacher Carl Whitaker. With the narrative flair of a novelist Napier immediately gets the reader caught up in the problems of the fictionalized family; a composite consisting of one main case history supplemented by details and incidents from the cases of other families that Napier and Whitaker had helped. In a number of chapters the account of the Brice's sessions is supplemented by general discussions of the theory and practice of family therapy. Other cases are briefly introduced as examples but, for the most part, Napier uses aspects of the Brices' therapy to illustrate his points. These discussions are designed to address issues that may have arisen for the reader in the preceding..."
Abstract The purpose of this paper is to define stress and how it affects the body's physiological systems. The paper includes the normal functions and organs involved in the following five physiological systems, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, immune and musculoskeletal. It also includes a description of a chronic illness associated with each physiological system and how the illness is affected by stress.
From the Paper "Stress means different things to different people and stress effects people in different ways. Some people think stress is something that happens to them such as an injury or a promotion and others think that stress is what happens to our mind, body and behaviors in response to an event. While stress does involve events and how one responds to them these are not the critical factors, but our thoughts about the situation in which we are involved are the critical factors. Essentially, stress exists whenever homeostasis is disturbed or cannot be maintained (Stress and the Social System Course Guide, 1993). Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to keep the internal chemical and physical environments constant. As your body begins to react to stress several changes occur. These changes include increased heart rate, blood pressure and secretion of stimulatory hormones. One's body prepares itself in stressful situations to either stand ground and fight, or to flee from the situation. Walter Cannon called this stressful reaction the fight-or-flight response (Greenberg, 1999)."
Abstract This paper presents an analysis of sexual harassment in the workplace. The author discusses background of sexual harassment, legalities of sexual harassment and business strategies to reduce sexual harassment in the workplace such as various policies and requirements.
From the Paper "In 1964 Title VII of the Civil Rights Act was accepted into our nation's law. Since then sexual harassment has been added as a protected class under Title VII. Unfortunately, it has taken many high-profile lawsuits such as the Anita Hill Senate hearings, Faragher v. Boca Raton, and Crowley v. L.L. Bean for employers to understand that it is imperative for every company, no matter how big or small, to have a well-thought out plan for dealing with sexual harassment situations. It is also crucial that these organizations make sure their employees are completely aware of the procedures to follow if such a situation arises. Not only should companies have guidelines in this area, but they should also make it clear where they stand on relationships between employees and how sexuality is viewed within the company, because what is acceptable in one instance may be unacceptable in another. One of the most common reasons sexual harassment situations evolve into multi-million dollar lawsuits is because the victims are not made aware of their organization's policies or their claims are not properly dealt with by the organization. By taking a few simple preventive measures, the probability that a lawsuit will arise from a sexual harassment is minimal, making the workplace better for both employees and employers."
Abstract An opinionated paper concerning the negative effect of school uniforms on students? behavior. This paper includes a lot of research and statistics; as well as quotes from students, administrators and government officials concerning the effects of uniforms on the school atmosphere.
From the Paper "Think of a classroomwhere all of the students have their hands neatly placed in their laps, backs straight, and every eye is on the teacher. This is the picture that some people are trying to paint. But can this picture become a reality? Opposers like the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) say, ?Dealing with violence by banning certain colors or sneakers is like dealing with car theft by banning cars.? Both are very good points, but, as a student, I stand by my rights in believing that making students wear uniforms is wrong. Uniforms are not beneficial to students, schools, or the public."
Abstract Report on the importance of leadership with respect to the five functions of human resource management: planning, organizing, staffing, leading and controlling. The author investigates to what extent leadership is a requirement for the effective accomplishment of these functions.
From the Paper "The Leader is interested in aligning the beliefs and values of people with the overall goals and vision of the organization. In the Leadership role one can bring about change by providing direction, by setting an example, by motivating through inspiration, and by building teams based on respect and trust. A leader is focused on results rather than methods, systems and procedures. Leaders ask themselves "For what purpose?" and "What are the consequences for the system as a whole?" (Chait, 1997). In relation to planning, organizing, staffing, leading and controlling, leadership plays a vital role in determining these activities within an organization."
Abstract A discussion of teenage suicide, its causes and effects. This paper examines aspects that may cause teenage suicide such as depression and stress and the possible methods one can use to minimize or deal with adolescent ordeals that may lead to suicide. The paper includes statistics of teenage suicide and a discussion of some of the misconceptions about the issue.
From the Paper "During the past quarter century, the suicide rate has tripled among young people fifteen to twenty-four years old. More than five thousand teens now take their own lives each year in the United Sates (Colman, 9). Next to accidents and homicides, suicide is the most common cause of death for people (Vine, 101). Suicide is the sixth leading cause of death in the ages of 5-14 years old! We see the media covering different areas about teenage suicide. Some of us may wonder what exactly caused those teens to go and end their life. What can we do to prevent the suicide rates to increase and help decrease it?"
Abstract This paper looks at studies which discuss whether the order of child's birth (first born, second born, etc) influences their personality and future. It compares how different children function according to their birth order and whether there are similarities in these. Psychological examinations are also performed and examined.
From the Paper "In previous years there have been quite a bit of research conducted on the subject of birth order and personality. However research on this matter has declined in at least the last 10 to 20 years. In all regards, it is the common perception that people who are first-born have the strongest disposition and have leadership tendencies. Research also tends to point out that children who are first-born usually have greater achievements in their professional careers. By the same token, these students are also more likely to have more mental disturbances than their younger siblings ( Nyman). There are conflicting results as to the popularity factor concerning the first born. Some researchers content that the first-born are generally more popular, thus more out-going. While others contend that the first-born are less popular?and perhaps more stand-offish (Nyman)."
Tags: sibling, rival, pressure, leader, follower, birth, order
This paper reveiws the developmental theories of Jean Piaget, Laurence Kohlberg and Erik Erikson about adolescent stages of moral and psychosocial development and its impact on adulthood.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 3 sources, 1990, $ 63.95
From the Paper "Intellectual growth from birth to old age is now known as cognition. The Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget (b. 1896) was the first to develop a method to study the way in which infants and children see and understand the world. He was also the first to offer the conclusion that these ways of seeing and understanding are quite different in the infant and child than they are in the adult. His was also the first account of the process of mental growth from infancy to adulthood. This paper will briefly discuss Piaget's theories as a way of leading into the work of Laurence Kohlberg and Erik Erikson. An analysis of Kohlberg's moral reasoning theories and Erikson's eight stages of human development theory will be rendered with a focus on adolescent social development.
Piaget believed that mental growth involves major qualitative changes. Previously, both the empiricists and nativists saw the child as being similar to the adult: the first saw him as an adult-in-training; the latter as an adult-in-miniature. Piaget used qualitative differences to try and map the orderly progression of human intellect as the child grows into an adult. Piaget argued that "mental development is characterized by qualitative changes." He proposed four main stages of
Abstract According to a recent survey, nine out of ten U.S. households with children have rented or owned a video or computer game and nearly a third of the Top 100 video-console games for the first quarter of 1999 had at least some sort of violent content. This paper looks at the effect these games have on the emotional, moral and social well-being of children. The paper covers issues such as the gradual changing of the 'bad-guys' from monsters and imaginary characters to real people, thus legitimizing violent behavior, as well as looking at the link between violent video games and events such as the Columbine High School shooting. Finally, the paper looks at the possibility of banning these video games and the difficulties involved.
From the Paper "Opponents of violent video games usually argue that games such as Doom or Quake help break down the natural inhibitions we have against killing and in the U.S. the military has begun using Doom-like games to improve so-called fire rates ? encouraging soldiers to pull the trigger in battle. Only about one-fifth of U.S. soldiers in combat in World War II fired their weapons, a rate that the military pushed up to 95% by the Vietnam War, in part through the use of simulations meant to make shooting at humans seem more routine and "normal" (Slatalla)."
Abstract This paper involves the observation of an adolescent for twenty minutes in terms of their physical, cognitive, emotional, spiritual, and social dimensions, followed by a discussion relating the observations to Erik Erikson's and Jean Piaget's theories of development.
Abstract This paper examines how, while diversity is often a term used to refer specifically to cultural differences, diversity actually applies to all the qualities on which people can differ. In particular, it looks at how, from a management perspective, the key to diversity is to understand how different types of diversity and different demographic characteristics impact human behavior. This is considered by looking at four types of diversity: occupation, differences in skills and abilities, personality traits, and value and attitudes.
Outline
Occupation
Differences in Skills and Abilities
Personality Traits
Values and Attitudes
From the Paper "One type of diversity is occupation, with this having an impact on individual behavior. For example, an individual in a professional occupation is more likely to make their own decisions and is also more likely to reject being managed too strongly. The case of a medical doctor is one example. A medical doctor considers themselves an expert on their area and is also likely to consider that nobody else has the same expertise. Based on this, the individual is likely to make their own decisions and to act independently. The same also applies to other professional occupations such as lawyers and scientists. This can be contrasted with positions that are generally considered as requiring less expertise."
