Abstract This paper begins with a discussion of the origins of the term "homosexual". It continues with an outline of beliefs about homosexuals through the ages, and the development of theories of homosexuality through modern times.
From the Paper "Although homosexual practices might have begun in the early centuries, the word "sodomy" was first used by a Catholic missionary, now a saint, Father Peter Damien around 1050. By sodomy, he meant masturbation and anal intercourse between men, a sin he condemned as the most perverse of sexual sins in his long letter to the Pope, entitled ?the Book of Gomorrah.? He emphasized that God designed sex exclusively for procreation and that the enjoyment of the sexual act outside this divine purpose was unnatural and therefore summarily grievously and wickedly sinful."
Abstract This paper compares the renowned psychologists B.F. Skinner, George Miller, Jean Piaget, and Albert Bandura theories on learning. The paper describes the theory of behavioral reinforcement and the use of uses imagery as a learning tool. It illustrates the repetitive learning process to retain information and claims that we learn from our environment.
From the Paper "There have been many theorists over the course of history who have had influence upon the world's ideas of how people learn. While these theorists may stem from some of the same ideas, they are also each distinctly different in at least one aspect of their theories. B.F. Skinner, George Miller, Jean Piaget, and Albert Bandura all have different theories of learning, yet each theory can be related to one another in a number of ways."
Abstract The author describes the behavior and developmental problems of autistic children. This paper focuses on autistic children -- ages three to five ? because this is the age when diagnosis and treatment begins. The paper states that Federal law requires that at age five, when the child is ready to begin kindergarten, the state of residence must provide the child, his/her parents and the school system with an individualized education plan. The paper discusses various treatment programs.
From the Paper "Unfortunately, the newness of the condition hampers the diagnosis and treatment for children with autism. Autism itself has many varying severities ? what might show up in one child might not show up in another. For this reason, autism is usually defined as a spectrum disorder, or one that can have symptoms in any combination with different levels. While the symptoms usually begin in infancy, the true diagnosis usually occurs when the child is around age three. Several factors surrounding an infant's birth can cause slower development as far as cognitive skills or verbal skills (i.e. premature, severe illness at birth), but around age three, most children seem to taper off to more defined skill-levels."
Abstract This paper shows how a sense of identity is developed and how this identity is then judged by the individual to create their level of self-esteem. The paper examines the three aspects of race, class and gender, with a focus on how this impacts self-esteem and how it creates an individual's identity.
From the Paper "Identity is a characteristic that defines a person and impacts everything they do, from the relationships they form, to the work they do and everything in between. Identity is the one characteristic of an individual that remains with them at all times, whether they are alone, socializing, working or with their families. Identity is a constant companion of an individual and determines how they see themselves and how they feel about themselves. This first part is self-image, the second part is self-esteem which is defined as one of the key components of an individuals personality (Seamon & Kenrick 398)."
A paper which draws comparisons between the books "The Perils of Obedience? by Stanley Milgram and the "Stanford Prison Experiment" by Philip Zimbardo.
Abstract The paper shows that both "The Perils of Obedience" by Stanley Milgram and the "Stanford Prison Experiment" by Philip Zimbardo essentially demonstrate the potential for "evil" in ordinary citizens when placed in situations where stark authority is pitted against the individual's own moral imperatives (Milgram) or when deindividuated potential perpetrators are given total power over powerless victims (Zimbardo). The paper shows that although the experiments differed vastly in design and methodology, the point of both experiments was to observe how far an individual would go in inflicting increasing pain on a victim.
From the Paper "There were several common ethical issues thrown up by both experiments. As Zimbardo says, "The line between Good and Evil lies in the center of every human heart"not in some abstract moral, celestial space?? (Sonoma State University Web site) Similarly, Milgram observes, ?Conservative philosophers argue that the very fabric of society is threatened by disobedience, while humanists stress the primacy of the individual conscience.? (Vanguard University Web site) Therefore, the same issue of ethics as in "the individual conscience" is at the heart of both experiments on human psychology."
Abstract This paper defines this theory by Maslow and examines its importance to American businesses today. Maslow's theory of hierarchy of needs discusses the hierarchy and satisfaction of various human needs and how people pursue these needs. This theory is used by human resource managers to motivate their employees.
From the Paper "These theories are fully applicable in today's work setting. As far as the matter of the applicability of these theories to hospital employees is concerned, one should first identify as to whether a hospital employee fits the profile of an average business employee? Does he respond to the same motivator patterns as identified by Maslow? Does he possess the same hierarchy of needs as possessed by an average business employee?"
Abstract The paper shows that the nature versus nurture debate stems from the belief that people are influenced by their genes (nature) or solely from their environment (nurture). For years, scientists have argued on whether intelligence is determined purely through heredity or by upbringing. The paper discusses that while there may be conflicting evidence in this debate, one thing is certain - the younger generation is probably smarter than their elders with a nine-point lead in the IQ test. The paper examines theories by different specialists in the field on the subject.
From the Paper "In yet another example, it was found that pups and mother rates who licked, groomed and nursed their offspring had offspring that were not as afraid of their surroundings and were not as stressed by environmental factors. The interesting part of this study was that when the scientists simulated the loving behavior to the offspring of pups who were not themselves displaying the loving behavior, the pups would immediately learn to carry on the treatment to their young. They would, in fact learn to be loving and the offspring would pass the behavior on to future generations."
Abstract The paper describes Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, or ADHD or ADD as it is commonly referred to, as a debilitating disorder that affects children and adults alike, however its effects on children appear to be more pronounced due to their need to concentrate and focus in their schooling to prepare them for adulthood. This paper explores what ADHD is, its symptoms and possible causes. Strategies by schools and teachers are also addressed, particularly in their methods of creating awareness of this disorder and including the sufferer in normal classes.
From the Paper "Many of the strategies that special education educators adopt are fundamentally sound teaching methods. Informing child ADHD sufferers in advance of what they will be learning, like providing an agenda, giving visual aids, and writing out oral instructions contribute much to helping students with ADHD. It aids them in sustaining their focus on the lesson at hand, as well as helping them recall what they are supposed to learn. Teachers even encourage students with ADHD in observing and managing their own behavior and attention by educating them on certain techniques. These techniques encompass seeking instructions on the blackboard, raising their hand in the event of a question or problem as opposed to shouting for attention, test their own memory, or quietly ask a fellow student of they have a question or need clarification on something being taught."
Abstract This work is a short examination of the primary habits and characteristics of serial killers. Some of the serial killers profiled include famous names like Ted Bundy, John Wayne Gacy, Jeffrey Dahmer and David Berkowitz (Son of Sam). Subjects explored concerning the killers include method, family background, and religious background.
From the Paper Murders are committed everyday in this world. Many people constantly walk in fear that some person lurking in the shadows will jump out with a weapon and kill them. Even though people fear all types of killers, perhaps the most feared types of killers are serial in nature. These people kill repeatedly and often torture their victims before their murderous outburst. Athough most serial killers share a few characteristics in common, they are all quite unique in one way or another.
Abstract The thesis of this paper is that media justifies its obsession with violence as a way of educating the public, but instead television images make an impact on human behavior by encouraging violence and even false claims of violence and stalking, particularly domestic violence. The writer provides a definition of violence in the media. It then gives examples of certain shows which are classified as particularly violent and why these receive top ratings. The writer also provides research results of the American Psychological Association on the impact on human behavior.
From the Paper "Ever since television was invented, one of the biggest concerns was the impact of sex and violence that was shown in the American homes. What was considered violent and caused major concern many years ago, such as argument between a parent and child, is seen on the Disney channel today. No one can avoid or deny the increase of violence or the fact that violence has a brand new definition. A punch in the nose from a classmate use to be considered fighting or violence, but now is just an inconvenience. A few years ago school shootings had become a major concern for everyone, even for those who have no kids were very hurt by the Colorado school shooting, stunned at the possibility of this happening in America. Everyone loves children and younger high school kids. If school shootings are not enough to worry about, there is now concern over terrorist attacks, which can happen to anyone at anytime. Other forms of media violence includes the O.J Simpson Trial, the Jerry Springer show, and shows that include bodybuilding models-such as Arnold Schwarzenegger movies. The media justifies its obsession with violence as a way of educating the public to learn how to protect themselves, but instead television images make an impact on human behavior by encouraging violence and even false claims of violence and stalking, particularly domestic violence."
Abstract The paper shows that while the use of psychological interrogation methods is currently permissible by the courts in Canada, Great Britain and the U.S.A., many researchers argue that psychological interrogation is, in essence, no different than blatant coercion. Confession Law has slowly evolved over time alongside the evolution of interrogation methods. The paper discusses how prior to the 18th Century, English Common Law accepted confessions without any restrictions, which allowed confessions extracted through torture to be accepted as viable representations of objective truth. Today, the bottom line on the admissibility of confessions is that they are "typically excluded if elicited by physical violence, by a threat of harm or punishment, by a promise of leniency or immunity from prosecution, or by failure to notify a suspect of his or her constitutional rights to counsel and silence" (Kassin & McNall, 1991). The paper shows that despite these seemingly stringent laws regarding the admissibility of confessions, psychological interrogation methods are adept at circumventing the law, and continue to employ methods that run the risk of eliciting false confessions. This paper reviews the literature on Psychological Interrogation methods, false confessions and the implications of both.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Psychological Interrogation Tactics
Inside the Interrogation Room
Custodial Legal Advice & The Right to Silence
Psychological Interrogation Functioning as Coercion
Police Interrogations and Confessions
Communicating Promises and Threats by Pragmatic Implication
False Confessions
Occurrence of False Confessions
Creation of False Confessions
An Empirical Study On Recall
Discourse Study
Interrogative Suggestibility & Delinquent Boys
Psychological Characteristics of False Confessors
Consequences of False Confessions
From the Paper "Interrogation, as defined by the Merriam Webster Dictionary, is the act of "questioning; formally and systematically." Interrogations within criminal justice systems are used to gather information relevant to investigations, and more importantly, to elicit confessions from suspects. Methods of interrogation have changed drastically throughout history, but the ultimate goal of obtaining confessions has held constant. While the whips and chains of the past have now exited the western world's interrogation rooms, many scholars argue that today's suspects are still subjected to psychological tortures. Psychological Interrogation is the most recent approach used by law enforcement officials to extract information from suspects."
Tags: applied, brutality, deprivation, police, psychology, sleep, social
From the Paper " Introduction
This research paper begins with a description of an open meeting of Alcoholics Anonymous, which includes individual and group dynamics. Application of theoretical constructs regarding the function of the 12 steps is then discussed.
Meetings & Individual/Group Dynamics
Alcoholic Anonymous (AA) meetings are led by a chair-person, and structured such that different people volunteer and stand before the group and tell their story. The storyteller begins by announcing their name and the fact that they are an alcoholic, then precedes to the story details pertaining to their individual experience of alcoholism. These stories provide both the teller and the audience members, with catharsis and emotional support."
Analysis of concept of deviance, discrimination in employment, need for destigmatization of mental illness. Provisions of Americans with Disabilities Act & EEOC.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 7 sources, 2001, $ 47.95
From the Paper "Various forms of discrimination have been addressed in legislation, federal regulations, and court decisions. Discrimination against the mentally ill remains a concern and one that has not been as fully addressed as other forms of discrimination. Many people still view the mentally ill as almost a separate species rather than as normal human beings who develop a treatable condition through no fault of their own. People with psychiatric problems often encounter discrimination in employment in particular.
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) makes it illegal to discriminate against people with mental or physical impairments. The Americans with Disabilities Act was intended to bring more physically and emotionally challenged people into the labor force, but there are other provisions of the act which..."
From the Paper "Humanism and behaviorism represent opposing ends of the spectrum in their perspective on human beings. Humanists such as Carl Rogers assert that human beings are subjects capable of making their own decisions to grow in a positive direction. Therefore, to Rogers, the role of therapists is to cultivate capacity of their client to help them regain their decision-making power. To further contribute to this portrait of a complex human being, Abraham Maslow adds that human beings are driven by complex and interconnected motives interchanging in a dynamic and never-ending process. In contrast, B. F. Skinner, one of the major proponents of behaviorism, conjures the image of human beings as passive objects that can be trained by a system of reinforcements in every activity. Furthermore, Skinner is only interested in the external behavior of human beings, not..."
From the Paper "PARENTS AS PARTNERS
Introduction
Parents are partners with children in their conquest over learning disabilities. Parental reactions and effects as well as their different roles and involvement are important components related to the child's ability to cope and succeed. Severity of disability and normalization reflect areas of controversy and concern.
Parental Roles, Reactions, & Effects
Parent's reactions to children with learning problems often reflect a house divided. Parents have different roles and participation of each is different. The mother gives birth to the child and often seems clairvoyant about the child's development; she may see what others cannot see and yet she may.."
