Abstract Could the way we treat our children have an effect on how they think, look, and act? The paper brings in research in which psychologists analyze the behavior of infants to learn whether or not gender roles are created or stem from something biological. The writer looks at examples from items in any store that are geared towards boys and girls. The paper attempts to prove that we are possibly responsible for these stereotypes.
From the Paper "The reasoning for gender differences is not always clear. It may have been human nature to label infants in order to better interact with them. It might be a way of dividing society into groups. There does not seem to be one clear reason for the labelling, but one thing is certain, there is a division. We treat children differently depending on their sex. Boys engage in rough and tumble play while girls often mimic the actions of their mother in the home, like cooking and cleaning and looking after the baby. These examples are not always what happens, but are believed to be the norm. Boys follow the example set for them by their father and girls in turn follow the example set for them by their mother."
Tags: masculine, feminine, labelling, research, children
Abstract This paper explains that, in a rapidly aging society, the American bias towards youth will have to be replaced by an added level of respect for the elderly. This paper reviews the theory of Erik Erikson on his life journey through many stages. This author stresses issues of family, spirituality and economic well-being and urges that American families begin to include the aged within their household as is the practice in most of the world.
From the Paper "In other more inclusive cultures, it is well understood that life's journey is circular in motion. Issues that have been dealt with in the past continually re-emerge, and the most important issue of all is that of relationships. Because human beings are above all social animals, the society one depends on is by far the most important aspect of aging. This concept is well understood in Asia and in South America, but apparently, it is not as paramount in the United States."
Abstract This paper looks at various explanations or theories attributed to the development of the alcoholic disease. Factors discussed include the fact that some people appear to have a genetic or biological tendency toward alcoholism and the paper discusses the way that different people's bodies react to alcohol. Another issue raised is that of social stress - that our society has become more intense and demanding and some people can not cope with the pressure. Hereditary trends have also been discussed as well as the personality traits of potential alcoholics.
From the Paper "Some people appear to have a genetic or biological tendency toward alcoholism (UMHS, 2001; What Causes, 2001). Scientists studied children of alcoholics who were raised in non-alcoholic environments (e.g. foster homes) and compared them to children from non-alcoholic families who were raised in alcoholic environments (What Causes, 2001). Results showed that genetics played more of a role in the development of alcoholism than environment, and this was compared to long-term twin studies and current scientific research, all of which support the hypothesis that alcoholics are biochemically different before they ever start drinking."
Abstract There are differences between aggression in men and women, which may have a biological basis, but are also tempered by psychological parameters and socialization issues. The paper shows that in animals, aggression is usually studied in terms of behavior alone, but in humans aggression encompasses the intention to harm another person, some form of behavior carried out as a result of this intention, and an emotion which can be anything from mere irritation to outright rage. While there are no clear statistics available, males usually tend to be more aggressive than females in terms of physical and verbal aggression. The paper shows that a still unanswered question is how much of this difference is biological and how much is psychological. Differences are not only found between genders, but also with age and education (aggression decreasing with increasing age and education level), and between different ethnic groups.
From the Paper "While biological theories propose that there is a chemical basis for the differences in aggressiveness between males and females, psychological theories propose that aggressiveness is a learned response rather than an innate one. Although genetic makeup may give someone a propensity for aggressive tendencies, these tendencies can be positively or negatively affected by socialization and environmental influences (Colt and Kuehn, 1998). It has been shown by many studies that females exhibit less physical aggression than males from infancy onward (Fishbein, 1992). They are less inclined to explore and engage in less rough and tumble play than boys do. Females are raised differently than males, and this is in part responsible for suppressing aggressive tendencies in females."
Abstract This paper discusses how parents across the nation are consistently searching out safe and dependable child care for their children while the parents go to work. It explores the impact that child care quality has on the development of the children who go through the program. Through a literature review it analyzes various studies on the topic as well as evaluating the military's child care system and the federal government's opinion of the importance of quality child care for the purpose of well developed children which consequently lead to well developed adults.
From the Paper "It has been suspected for years that the quality of child care has a direct impact on the development of those in care. Recently the federal government took a stand on the issue and agrees it is vital to provide high quality child care to ensure the healthy and advanced development of the nation's future members. The government alludes to the fact that a child's early experiences have significant effects on the learning and development of that child. The government also recently conducted a study of the military's child care system and believes it to be an excellent role model for quality child care seekers and providers(Child, 1997)."
Follows the psychoanalyst from his childhood into his development of the now famous "Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development" and the writing of his books.
Abstract The paper tracks the important steps in the life of one of the greatest psychoanalysts ever, Erik Erikson. The paper examines his childhood, including the mysterious circumstances surrounding his father that lead to his early 'identity' crisis, through his education and his development of his ideas of psychosocial-analysis that would spur a revolution of the ideas of youth mental development. The paper includes a table.
From the Paper "Erik Homburger Erikson, one of the last century's most prolific psychologists,was born on June 15, 1902, in Frankfurt, Germany to Danish parents. His experiences as a young child greatly influenced Erik; his biological father left his mother (they divorced) before his birth and his mother remarried a doctor Although Erik was Jewish, he looked "Nordic" in that he had blonde hair, blue eyes, and very fair skin. Because of this, he had difficulty fitting into either culture and was basically ostrasized by his peers. Erikson became interested in the arts and studied them as well as language in school, while other were studying the more 'accepted' subjects such as biology and chemistry. This resulted in what some of Eriksons biographers call his early "identity crisis." Erikson also eschewed the 'accepter' course of going to college after graduating in favour of traveling Europe for a year before finally returning to Germany to enroll in art school, which he graduated from four year later."
Abstract This paper discusses the various ways in which children are affected by divorce - first, they are impacted by the change in income; second, a large number suffer from a lessening of ties with their fathers; third, children suffer a loss in residential stability because they often have to move out of their house and/or a new town. The research shows that the question is no longer whether divorce can be a strain on children, but rather how much of a strain.
From the Paper "Judith Wallerstein, a premier researcher in this field, notes that one of the key concerns of this generation should be the sociological and psychological effect that divorce has had and will continue to have on children. In The Unexpected Legacy of Divorce, she indicates that children from divorced parents are still experiencing negative effects even 30 years later. The book shows how these products of divorce have struggled with the fear that their relationships will fail like those of their parents. Lacking an internal template of what a successful relationship looks like, they have had to invent their own codes of behavior in a culture that offers many models and few guidelines."
This paper is a research study of the effectiveness of performance appraisals, a term used for evaluating performance of employees in an organization, and the issues accompanying performance appraisals.
Abstract This paper is a research project which used a review of literature and previously completed research projects to evaluate if the achievement of organizational goals and objectives can be measured in part by effective performance appraisals. The paper reports that all of the studies confirm that effective and proper performance appraisals do result in better job performance, measuring performance effectively and enhancing care for work ethic. The author believes that an individual performance evaluation plan increases the employee's specific understanding of his jobs and the specific tasks that make up those jobs.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Statement of Problem
Hypothesis
Research Questions
Assumptions
Literature Review
Causes of Performance Appraisal
Steps Leading to Performance Appraisal
Performance Appraisal
Research Methodology
Variables
Results
Data Analysis and Interpretation
Discussion
Conclusion
Recommendations
Conclusion and Implications
From the Paper "Till the end of 80s, though there was a large body of research in aspects of performance appraisal concerning accuracy of measurement, employee participation, types of performance measurements and other areas, there was no substantial research that specifically linked increased job performance and effective performance measurement with the performance appraisals. Then in 1994, a study conducted by Bruns and McKinnon, studied the following hypotheses and determined the link between performance appraisals and increased job performance through them. The first hypothesis stated that employees in organizations with well-defined, regular performance appraisal systems have more knowledge of their daily activities in more specific, precise terms than employees in corporations where this is not the case. The study further concluded that these organizations hence experience increased employee performance. The second hypothesis stated that employees in companies with well-defined and periodic performance appraisal systems concentrate their tasks on areas on which they are evaluated. In other words, such performance appraisals effectively measure the employee performance. This study has further been used throughout this paper as a recent step in this evolutionary process with the previous studies taken as classics."
Abstract The media has a large effect on society as a whole and there has been an increase in media exposure over the years. The thin, waif-like look is seen as the ideal, a standard for women to be measured against. The paper shows that women are under lots of pressure to conform to the ideals of society and the majority of women are on diets or have dieted at some point in their life. This leads to low self esteem and poor body image, which is a precipitating factor in eating disorders. This essay discusses whether the media is the catalyst for preoccupation with slimness and a major contributor to eating disorders in young women.
From the Paper "The media is often quoted as a scapegoat for the increase in eating disorders. Linda Grant's opinion is that: "Women don"t set out to become anorexic, they begin by thinking they"re too fat because everywhere they go the media is telling them that they are right" (Barrett, 1997). This assumes that the causes of eating disorders are simply triggered by an individual feeling overweight, which is not the case. Eating disorders have many causes, some evidence suggests that an eating disorder can exist without this pathological fear of being overweight (Lai, 2000). If these effects of the media are obvious then why is it that only 1-3% of women suffer from an eating disorder? "
Abstract Domestic violence hurts every citizen as it rages against both men and women. This paper will address the causes of domestic violence, the effects of domestic violence and the solutions. The fact is that here in the United States women and children are in danger of dying as they face terror and violence.
This Masters level paper is a brief analysis of the differences and similarities in the ethics, membership, and function of three professional counseling organizations.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 4 sources, 2002, $ 26.95
Abstract This Masters level paper is a brief analysis of the differences and similarities in the ethics, membership, and function of the American Counseling Association, the Christian Association of Psychological Studies, and the Association of Pastoral Counselors.
Tags: PSYCHOLOGY / COUNSELLING, SOCIAL WORK, professional counseling organizations
Abstract This paper discusses the application of MT to children, adults and medical patients The author pays special attention to autism. The paper designates the difference between creative and affective therapies.
Abstract This paper is on "Rogerian argument on Gun Control". It includes that how according to Carl Roger all of the approaches to argumentation collected here offer some form of alternative to the argument as war metaphor and how in each approach, argument is redefined as one or another form of negotiated inquiry into common grounds for belief.
Abstract This six-page junior paper discusses " Motivation Theories in the Modern Workplace". It includes the research work on business management issues; and how will future management theories/techniques, compare to past theories/techniques?
Abstract This paper defends the position that violence in the media does indeed contribute to violent behavior in individuals. The paper cites and then negates several arguments that oppose this position and cites research to support the point of view of the paper. It is noted that media violence is not the only factor contributing to violent behavior, and some of these other factors are discussed as well.
From the Paper "Larry J. Siegel defines crime as a "violation of societal rules of behavior as interpreted and expressed by a criminal legal code created by people holding social and political power" (Siegel, 2000). Many socializing factors influence human behavior, and criminal behavior is no exception to the rule. Most influential on criminal behavior perhaps is the prevalence of violence in the media today. Hundreds of studies have been conducted in an attempt to assess the impact media violence has on human behavior. Though many still argue that the media has little or no impact on actual human activity, one cannot deny a strong and inherent link between the two."
