Abstract The goal of any organization is to increase motivation within the company, with the operational plan being developed to meet this objective. This paper briefly discusses the role of the manager, the role of the organization and the incentives required.
From the Paper "Firstly, it is critical that employee actions are aligned with organizational goals. This has been described, "employees can be all fired up about their work and be working very hard. However, if the results of their work don't contribute to the goals of the organization, then the organization is not any better off than if the employees were sitting on their hands" (McNamara et al.) The first step then, is for the organization to determine what it requires its employees to be motivated towards, with this directly linked to organizational goals."
This paper reviews recent research on alcohol and drug abuse and addiction in attempt to identify the factors that make individuals vulnerable to addiction.
Abstract After an extensive review of the research, the author concludes that social, familial and genetic factors are intertwined; no one factor can be said to cause addiction. The author continues that it may not always be reasonable to blame completely the addicted person for his situation.
Table of Contents
Introduction
The Role of Family
Genetics and Addiction
Addiction and Personal Responsibility
From the Paper "Not every person who experiments with drugs becomes addicted any more than every person who has a drink becomes an alcoholic. Both Tani and Oxford found that the young person's peer group made a significant difference. Young people whose friends used drugs were more likely to use drugs, while those whose friends did not were less likely to use them. Tani (2001) found in her review of the research that the peer group influenced extended use of drugs, thus increasing the risk of dependence or addiction."
This paper is an extensive review of Brief therapy ("Solution-Focused Brief Therapy"), which uses practical strategies to help clients make significant positive changes in their lives in a relatively short period of time.
Abstract This paper states that Brief Therapy contrasts markedly with the psychoanalytic approaches because Brief Therapy focuses on what is going on in the client's life at the time of the therapy and does not delve into the subconscious or early childhood experiences. The paper also reviews Gestalt Therapy and cognitive therapy and their relationship to Brief therapy. The paper is well researched.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Implementation
When is Brief Therapy Appropriate?
When Brief Therapy Is Not Appropriate?
Related Research
Questions Raised by Brief Therapy
What Do We Need to Know about Brief Therapy?
From the Paper "Therapists who use brief therapy have specific tasks to accomplish with their clients. They have to learn skills and techniques used with solution-focused therapies. It helps for them to be open to new ideas regarding how to guide people to actively make changes in their lives. They need to be able to use several approaches with skill and flexibility, as a client may become stuck and need an innovative way to move forward."
Abstract The following paper looks at the way in which teen parenting is more likely a condition of conflict than a semblance of normal parenthood. The writer looks at the way in which the teenage parents' emotions, already in adolescent turmoil, become increasingly uncomfortable during the process of bringing up a child. Finally the writer examines why the exacerbation of mental illness is an important consideration to ponder before deciding to give birth as a teenager.
From the Paper "Teen parents inherit a plethora of problems ranging from mental and physical health issues to economic and social problems. Having a baby and raising a child are not easy tasks for a woman of any age; parenting as a teen undoubtedly compounds the difficulties and pressures of adolescence. There is nothing glamorous or "cool" about having a baby. It does not raise the status of a teen, does not automatically bestow maturity or full rights owed to adults. A 15-year old mother still cannot vote or buy liquor. Why should parenting be an acceptable choice for an already irresponsible, self-centered youth? It is easy to sympathize with those who would prefer to bear the burden of an unwanted, unplanned child: their courage and determination is admirable, their dedication to their religious of personal ideals is exemplary. But are teen parents realistic? Have teen parents considered all their options, weighing each carefully, heard stories of those who have experienced the difficulties of parenting while still in school? "
Abstract The paper explains the symptoms and causes of the disease. A case study is presented and discussed. The paper discusses the different treatments currently used depending on the severity of the disease. The paper estimates how many people suffer from the disease.
From the Paper "Kleptomania, which comes from the Greek meaning, "stealing madness", is a disease that is well known, but not well understood. It first appeared sometime in the 19th century when it was noticed that many rich and noble people were stealing things they did not need or could afford to buy. Many people mistakenly call a shoplifter a kleptomaniac, but there is a difference between a petty thief and a kleptomaniac."
Abstract The paper discusses how the process of aging has changed. It shows how the media has influenced this change by portraying negative stereotypes of the elderly and how people are trying to stay young as long as possible by having surgery performed on them, staying active in their old age, and retiring later on in life.
From the Paper "Today, it is seen as a crime to grow old. When we think of the elderly, we no longer see the heroic image of George Washington or Ben Franklin. Instead, we see the image of a frail and weak person. "Other cultures value age and the wisdom of experience; we disparage and mock it, viewing it as a weakness, a personal misfortune" (Ross). This image is in part due to negative stereotypes of the elderly being portrayed in the media. People are afraid of becoming like this image and to prevent it, they are investing in the many anti-aging products on the market, like hair-dye and anti-aging cream. They are also being more productive in their old age. Today, men and women alike are participating in a fight against time and they are refusing to grow old."
Abstract This paper gives the reader a clear understanding of the roots of psychoanalysis and cognitive behavior therapy. The writer defines the two theories and their main ideas. It then proceeds to compare and contrast the fundamental principles of the two.
From the Paper "Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is a combination of cognitive therapy and behavior therapy. Behavior therapy is used to change automatic reactions to certain situations. It also teaches relaxation techniques so you are better able to deal with stressful situations and allows for improved decision making techniques. Cognitive therapy trains you in recognizing how certain thinking patterns are causing your symptoms. Once these thinking patterns are recognized, you are able to break the connection between these patterns and the distorted picture of reality that they present (Weber, 1991)."
Examines whether criminals are born (biology) or made (learned behavior). Discusses psychological causes, rehabilitative value of work programs, career criminals and stages of a criminal life.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 7 sources, 2001, $ 63.95
From the Paper "Are Criminals Born or Made?
Introduction
The question whether criminals are born or made is not an easy one, and the answer may lie in one's own intellectual background. Psychological theories would place the blame in learned behavior, or a combination of social/family environment and the criminal's own neurotic predisposition. Sociologists, however, would place the blame in social and economic factors, and the success of targeted intensive job programs for offenders would lend support to their arguments. Physiologists seek biological determinants for the causes of crime. Nonetheless, some crimes seem inexplicable even given all these factors, leaving the door open for the assertion that some people are just born criminals.
Psychological Cause.."
From the Paper "It is Immoral to Spank Children
Spanking is one of the most common methods of discipline used by parents. Even though the very same parents do not condone hitting people, they believe that spanking is a quick and effective method for exterminating unwanted behavior or encouraging desired behavior (Ramsburg 1). Ironically, by using a violent and hurtful means of discipline, parents are instilling negative values in their children. Basically, it is immoral to spank children. Furthermore, the moral consequences of spanking children has lifelong adverse effects.
For young children, parents are their primary role models. When parents spank their children, they send a powerful message to their children that violence is a way to respond to problems (Ramsburg 2). This causes children to learn that people can control the behavior.."
Abstract This paper looks at the root of evil which manifests itself in serial killing. It also analyzes the morality of serial killers by studying the behaviorial patterns of Bundy, Berkowitz, Gacy, and Toole. It examines the lack of moral development in serial killers, specifically those which fall into the category of psychopaths.
From the Paper "The lack of morality displayed by serial killers is something that is easily identifiable through hindsight. Once their malicious and brutal "secret lives" have been brought to the forefront, it is quite easy to say that these men (and sometimes women) have no concept of morality. If this lack of morality is so obvious, why then do we not notice it prior to their murderous rampages? The most likely answer to this question is that the majority of serial killers can be classified as psychopaths. According to John E. Conklin (1997, 564) a psychopath is "a person who has a specific cluster of personality traits; is asocial, aggressive, highly impulsive, and unable to form lasting bonds of affection with others; and feels little or no guilt for antisocial activities." Clecky (1976) has outline 16 major characteristics of psychopaths, which include: intelligent, rational, calm, unreliable, insincere, without shame or remorse, having poor judgment, without capacity for love, unemotional, poor insight, indifferent to the trust of kindness of others, over-reactive to alcohol, suicidal, impersonal sex life, lacking long term goals, and inadequately motivated antisocial behaviour. Due to their high levels of intelligence, psychopaths are capable of being very manipulative, and thus are able to feign the appropriate emotions necessary to blending in with society. Psychopaths make a conscious effort to distance themselves socially, and share intimacy with only those whom they can control psychologically. Thus, the immorality of psychopaths often goes unnoticed by the general public. It is not until a serial killer is captured that their personality is scrutinized closely enough to recognize the symptoms of psychopathology. These symptoms may even continue to hide after the killer has been apprehended. When Ted Bundy was first arrested he quickly made friends with his captives, and was granted special privileges which eventually lead to his ability to escape. Thus the very symptoms of psychopathology are what make it so difficult to detect prior to a serial killer's conviction."
Describes the problem of stress in the workplace & the variety of personal & work-related health problems for employees & increased costs for employers.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, 1996, $ 31.95
From the Paper "Increased levels of stress have been identified as a major problem in the workplace today. Such stress contributes to a variety of personal and work-related problems for employees and to increased costs for business. Problems in the workplace can range from absenteeism and poor work habits to violence against coworkers. Businesses today are seeking ways to reduce stress, and the first step is to identify the sources of stress and to find ways to prevent them or reduce their effects. Some jobs simply involve high levels of stress, though, and for such jobs special efforts must be made to provide services to workers to combat the effects of high stress. The Human Resources Manager needs to understand the nature of stress and the means to control it."
From the Paper "This research compares the equity theory of motivation with the goal theory of motivation. The thesis of this comparison is that the equity theory of motivation is more effective when applied in work environment wherein individual responsibility is paramount, while the goal theory of motivation is more effective in group work environments.
Equity theory suggests that individuals are sensitive to others receiving similar rewards for less effort, and effort may be adjusted to reflect individual perceptions of fairness. The central argument in equity theory is that employees responses to motivational programs depend on their perceptions of the programs? fairness. According to equity theory, participants in an economic ..."
From the Paper "Michel Foucault, in The History of Sexuality, can definitely be considered a feminist, if one sees feminism as a search for truth about human nature, relationships, and the role and function of power in defining one's identity (including one's sexuality). Foucault argues that since the eighteenth century Western civilization has increasingly become obsessed with talking and thinking about sex as a subject, rather than partaking of "bodies and pleasures" (157). Feminism certainly posits that a woman to be authentically alive must overcome alienation from her body, whether that alienation is imposed upon her by an individual male or by "power" as it is exercised by the entire structure of society. This generalized sense of power is what Foucault posits as the controlling force behind the history of sexuality and the accompanying increase in public discourse ..."
From the Paper " COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY
Phenomenology
Cognitive behavioral therapy has been described, analyzed and evaluated over the last fifteen years. Cognitive-behavioral theories and treatments are defined and elaborated on (Eifert & Plaud, 1993).
Cognitive therapy views the personality as based on cognitive structures and shaped by central values or core beliefs, called schemas, that develop early in life as a result of environmental factors, and are unique to each individual. Schemata are defined as mental structures that help organize past experiences; they range from concrete to abstract and operate interactively with one another. Data is accumulated, coded, categorized, and evaluated by schemas. Cognitions are defined as.."
From the Paper "This paper is an examination of Caroline Knapp's Drinking: A Love Story, an account of her passionate love affair with alcohol and the events, thoughts, and realizations that eventually led her to renounce her "lover." The book is a brutally honest glimpse inside the mind of an alcoholic, as she battles the denials and rationalizations that lead her to seek solace in a bottle. Occasionally, she also has brief realizations that her drinking has become a problem, and she seeks out others whose alcoholism seems worse as a way of comforting herself. She examines her family background, especially the psychiatrist father whose own problems with drink and peculiar relationship with his daughter may have helped her use alcohol as a crutch. She also chronicles some of the effort and self-realization required for recovery from this addiction.."
