Abstract This paper will discuss how the theory of Herzberg can be applied to a situational worker and how his theories can be used in this way. The Motivational Theories or Motivation-Hygiene Theory of Herzberg will be implemented to show the ways that an employee can be better influenced to motivate on the job. An analysis of this perspective will show how the two correlate and make a systematic format to help keep an employee up to the standards that an excellent company should apply in this workplace dimension.
Abstract This essay critically examines Kurt Lewin's three step change process: "Unfreeze, Change, Refreeze". Strengths and weaknesses of the model are analysed and finally, suggestions for improving the model are made. The paper shows the different types of change experienced by an organisation and how management must deal with them in order to grow.
From the Paper "UNFREEZING In this first stage, a company must be awakened to a new reality and must disengage from the past, recognising that the old way of doing things is no longer acceptable (Kanter, R. et al. 1992). Disengaging from the past is critical to the "unfreezing" process because it is difficult for an organisation to embrace change until it has isolated the structures and routines that no longer work and has vowed to move beyond them (Kanter, R. et al. 1992). Unfreezing is initiated by recognising the need for change by identifying driving and restraining forces."
Abstract Much research has been done into the effects of divorce on children. However this paper shows that much of this research has focused on what happens with children during the first few weeks or months after the divorce. Far fewer studies have been done into how divorce effects children in the long-term as they go through adolescence and into adulthood. It explains that the conventional wisdom seems to be that, as children grow up, they are able to see their parents' divorce with more objectivity and maturity and will not harbor any resentment over it in their adulthood. It follows to explain that common sense states that emotional scars inflicted in childhood are not so easily faded. In fact, those scars can grow into entirely new things as a child grows up. This paper explores some of the long-term effects of divorce on children.
From the Paper "These are all problems that either carry on into adulthood or manifest in adulthood for the first time. The shock of losing a parent to divorce, to only being able to see one parent occasionally, and of seeing their parents seemingly at war with each other causes severe psychological trauma to a child, and that child may wonder if he or she will ever feel safe and secure again. If not properly handled in the beginning, these children can grow up with lasting psychological damage. It can affect everything in their adult lives, from how well they do in school to their ability to keep a job to their success with interpersonal relationships. Children who do not get the proper psychological attention during and after a divorce are not being given a good start in life and can find themselves with emotional scars that will not heal."
Abstract The book, "Is there no Place on Earth for Me?", is an account of Sylvia Frumkin, a pseudonym used to identify a young woman, who began suffering from schizophrenia in her teens. The paper shows how her struggle was chronicled through a series of interviews later and turned into a narrative by Susan Sheehan. It also shows that the book is a subtle condemnation of the mental health system in America and the insensitivity of the circle of individuals around the woman, who were supposedly trying to help her.
From the Paper "The second part of the book details Frumkin's experiences with institutionalization in greater detail. Sheehan does not stint with her critique of the mental health care profession, which she describes in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest terms. Most specifically, Sheehan focuses on Creedmoor's overuse of electroshock techniques and hydrotherapy, both of which have since been shown to be largely ineffective in dealing with schizophrenia, the inadequacy of the facilities counseling, and the experimental "let's see" approach to medication, which often resulted in patients being used as guinea pigs for medications with debilitating side effects."
Abstract This paper begins by explaining that behavior therapy is dependent on the belief that a person's psychology is learned and can, therefore, also be unlearned. The paper then looks at the major psychologists who used behavior therapy, including B.F. Skinner and Arnold Lazarus. The paper the looks at the key components of behavior therapy, the philosophy behind it, and the relationship between the counselor and patient.
From the Paper "The second key aspect of behavior therapy is based on the individual learning new behaviors. This learning behavior can take several forms. Systematic desensitization is where classical conditioning is used to change a person's response to a stimulus. Operant conditioning uses reward and punishment to change behavior. The common feature regardless of how the new behaviors are learned is that they replace the learning that caused the unsuitable behavior, and in doing so, alter the behavior."
Tags: patient, care, psychologist, problem, crime, skinner, lazarus, arnold
Abstract Although the reporting of facts and figures is often thought of as an objective science, quite frequently even business reporting is characterized by logical fallacies, including but not limited to, appeals to ignorance, hasty generalizations, and ad hominem attacks. This paper argues that these logical fallacies are particularly common and pernicious in business reporting because of the frequently technically complex nature of the subject matter in regards to facts and figures, combined with the emotional texture of business reporting that involves the fabric and texture of individual lives. The paper shows that reporters wish to attract attention and render complexities comprehensible, but frequently fall into logically fallacious traps to accomplish these objectives. The paper provides examples from business reports to elaborate on the ideas.
From the Paper "This is particularly important to remember when reading the business section about distasteful individuals, because it is tempting to assume, when hearing about past dirty dealings, to either discount all of the information brought up by the person, because of the past character of the potential economic criminal, or to assume that he or she knew everything about the dark corporate dealings at the company. Even the lack of evidence is made to sound dark in the above-cited article's rhetoric: "Considering that he was the driving force behind Enron's growth, the micromanaging former CEO did an amazing job of distancing himself from its decline. He stopped selling stock four months before Enron collapsed"and left the company entirely two months beforehand. He rarely used e-mail. His signature is conspicuously, and uncharacteristically, absent from the approval sheets for some of Fastow's most controversial deals.? ("Who Will Fastow implicate"? January 19, 2004, Business Week Online retrieved on January 19, 2004 at http://www.aol.businessweek.com/bwdaily/index.html#top) The ad hominem attack is generally used as a kind of intellectual shorthand, equating man with message, rather than trying to understand the business at hand."
Abstract This paper describes post-traumatic stress disorder and its related topics, i.e., symptoms, prevalence rates, a brief history of PTSD, risk factors, and types of treatment.
Outline
Brief History of PTSD
Definition of PTSD
Symptoms of PTSD
Prevalence
Risk Factors for Having PTSD
Co-morbidity
Types of Treatment
Resources Online
Mental Health Providers in St. Louis
Resources
From the Paper "Psychological distress resulting from exposure to trauma has been a part of the human condition since the beginning of time (Joseph, Williams, & Yule, 1997). The psychosomatic effects of such an experience have been documented as far back as 1666, following the occurrence of the Great Fire of London. After surviving the event, Samuel Pepys recorded episodes of having nightmares and intrusive thoughts that resulted from his traumatic experience. During the 1800?s, the advent of the railway system spawned a series of labels that described the post traumatic stress resulting from railway collisions. In more recent times, the effects of trauma on an individual's psychological health were described in the context of such war related traumas as shell shock, nervous shock, and war neurosis (Lee & Young, 2001)."
Abstract This paper uses the Friedman Family Assessment Model (short form) as the basis for an analysis of a family consisting of a mixed-race and mixed religion cohabiting couple and their three-year-old child. The paper concludes that although the family is largely functional, it also has some conflicts that need to be reviewed and addressed, particularly in terms of communication between the adults.
From the Paper "The Friedman Family Assessment Model is consistent with the concept of family health care nursing treatment of an entire family for dysfunction within the unit. It examines the family from an environmental and cultural focus as well as from its internal structure. This model provides the opportunity for the health care provider to examine many areas of concern related to the family's dysfunction, while identifying foundations of strength upon which to build the treatment process. The Friedman Family Assessment Model The Friedman Family Assessment Model focuses on the structure and the functions of the family as well as the manner in which the family interacts with its community and the greater society (Mandleco, 2004, p. 22). Although the model itself is comprehensive and demands a great amount of detail, not all factors listed within it apply to all families."
From the Paper "According to the DSM-IV, juvenile conduct disorder consists of the intentional violation of social norms, including violence towards animals and/or people, destruction of property, lies, theft, drug abuse, general rule violation, and demonstration of poor adjustment at home or in a social situation. Although the statistics are somewhat unclear, it has been estimated that juvenile conduct disorder effects approximately four to sixteen percent of the juvenile population (Alloy, Jacobson, & Acocella, 1999). According to Loeber, Green, Keenan, and Lahey (1995), juvenile conduct disorder frequently effects males more often than females.Currently, little is known regarding the prediction of the onset of juvenile conduct disorder. However, onset has been divided into two categories: early-onset and late-onset (Kovacs, Krol, and Voti, 1994). "
Abstract This paper explores the genetic causes of Trisomy 21 as well as the social implications of the disease.
From the Paper "Trisomy 21, or Down's Syndrome, is a devastating chromosomal disorder to those whose lives it affects. However, it can provide insight to the scientific world about the genetic basis of intelligence. "
From the Paper " The creature in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein commits several evil acts, and at times creates the impression that he possesses an evil heart and soul. However, when he and his actions are fully observed, one can see that he is not truly demonic, but simply a being who is the result of great physical and emotional hardships. He is a product of different strong underlying factors, which together make him appear to be one of true evil. His reasons for killing, the remorse he feels for his horrible actions, the hope he has of having a female companion, and the reasons which lead him to the far north in the end, all, unprejudicedly examined, show that though he may act in sinful ways, deep down he is not a true evil being. "
Abstract This paper examines the psychological aspect of religion, concentrating on the works and experiments done by several well known psychologists such as Carl Jung. Experiments include the theory of the subconscious or the human psyche and their role in religion.
From the Paper "What is religion? This is a question that begs to be answered. Is it possible that the religions of the world all stem from the fact that humans do not fully understand their situation? Is it, quite simply that we are not sure why we exist, where we came from, what we should live for, or what will happen to us when we die? Could it be that the question, "What is religion" is synonymous with the question, "What is the meaning of life. The answer to both these questions always seems to be just out of our reach, but we continue to search, journey, and quest to find the answers because we seem to intuitively know that there is more to life than meets the eye. It is a mystery that surrounds us and envelops us. At times it seems to be outside of ourselves, something surreal or otherworldly, but when closely examined the mystery can also be found within ourselves. In fact, there are frameworks of belief that point to the inner workings of the human mind as the origin of these mysteries of religion and meaning...."
Abstract This paper compares and contrasts two articles that deal with child development after the death of a parent, emphasizing research methods and usefulness.
From the Paper "The death of a parent is a very traumatic experience for anyone, but when it occurs in childhood, the effects may be monumental. The world of the child is completely changed and this may take its toll emotionally, physically and psychologically. However, every child is different, thus reactions may vary depending on age, sex and characteristics of the surviving parent. The surviving parent may be very confused on how to best handle the situation. When looking for information, both scholarly journals and more simple web pages can be helpful."
Abstract This paper attempts to answer the question whether violent behavior in children is the result of brutal, sadistic video games, or because parents fail to fulfill their obligations to their kids?
From the Paper "It seems that "gore, gore, and more gore" has become a standard part of the most popular and sophisticated video games on the market. For example, marketing text for the game Ultimate Doom (1995) tells users that Doom is a technological breakthrough in combat action games: "Mix that with one pissed off marine and a few hundred demons from hell and you've got a mega hit. In fact, it is recognized as the hottest 3-D action game ever created and is the most installed software of all time".
Abstract This paper looks at obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). It explains the nature of this mental illness and discusses the two main theories about how it occurs. Treatment methods and their effectiveness are looked at. The writer concludes that behavioral therapy is the most effective treatment method.
From the Paper "Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a mental illness that traps people in endless cycles of repetitive thoughts and behaviors and must repeat certain actions over and over to relieve that stress or to obtain from danger. Pierre Janet described obsessive-compulsive disorder by using the term psychasthenia. Sigmund Freud described obsessions and compulsions as psychological defenses used to deal with sexual and aggressive conflicts in the unconscious mind (Bruce Bower: 1987). OCD is also known as ?The Doubting Disease,? because it's as though the mind doesn?t register when the person does a certain action, which triggers the source of the obsession (USA Today:1995). Unlike most people with anxiety disorders, those diagnosed with OCD are more obsessed with what will happen to others instead of themselves (Edna Foa: 1995). Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder occurs in a spectrum from mild to severe. At some point the person will see the actions or thoughts as unreasonable and senseless. All people have habits and routines, but what makes obsessive-compulsive people different is the fact that their obsessions and compulsions interfere with their daily lives (American Family Physician: 2000)."
