Abstract A look at the changes in families such as divorce and one-parent families and how these may impact children's development. The author looks at the effects of such changes on the normal functioning and emotional development of the child.
From the Paper "The American family is in a state of crisis and change. The traditional image of the father, who is the sole bread-winner and the mother, who stays home to raise the children and run the house, has been shattered by drastic changes in family structure over the past generation. Today, 50 percent of marriages end in divorce. Two-thirds of mothers with school age children work outside the home. And 70 percent of all children spend part of their childhood in a single parent home. Some changes, like greater equality in the home and in the workplace, are welcome. Yet, many of the changes add new stresses to family life threaten healthy child development. (Melvin, 1997)."
This paper briefly examines the theories of psychotherapy, with particular reference to Freud, Jung and Adler, and the differences in their aims and methodologies
Abstract The following paper takes a look at how a therapist would approach therapy in the context of the three schools of thought, namely: Psychoanalysis, Adlerian and Jungian Therapy and discusses the appropriateness of each. Selected concepts and theories of the unconscious, the instinctual impulses, the persona and archetypes, role-playing and the superiority and inferiority complex are discussed in this paper.
From the Paper "Freud emphasized "free association" and the therapeutic importance of recalling seemingly random material from the unconscious mind. He was the first to recognize that the unconscious thought process follows laws that were quite different from the laws of logic applicable to conscious thought. He found out that in the unconscious, the thoughts and feelings that belong together can be separated or displaced out of context while completely dissimilar ideas or images could be merged into one in the unconscious. Freud's analysis of the unconscious enabled him to interpret dreams, which he saw as a device used by the mind to protect sleep against disturbing images of early life experiences. In psychoanalysis these disturbing and unpleasant unconscious images (called latent dream content) are used by the therapist to transform into the conscious (or manifest dream) and helps the patient to come to terms with these unpleasant early life experiences. (?Arlo & Herma,? Encarta).?
Abstract The following paper examines how the character of Holden Caulfield still reminds us that cynicism and self-doubt are not characteristics that are proprietary to adults. The writer examines how teen-age Holden is cynical, defiant, and blind to what is actually going on around him, yet to the very end of the novel he continues to berate the "phoniness" of others, particularly adults. The irony of Holden's seeing the faults and foibles of others while not being able to recognize them in himself is Salinger's comment on the way society views the human condition . This paper discusses how society always views the human condition as "the other guy".
From the Paper "The novel begins with Holden proving this point: We"re introduced to Holden by his telling us that he doesn?t want to talk about his "lousy childhood" -- he doesn?t "feel like going into it" (Salinger 1). Holden is self-destructing but doesn?t realize it because he's so intent on blaming everyone else for his problems. These psychological battles within Holden's own head serve as the basis for critical argument. As we read and learn more about Holden's situation, we must accept that society does indeed fail us because the finger is always pointed toward someone other than ourselves, whether it's to help someone in need or accept that we ourselves need help. Holden's character has sometimes been criticized for possessing the same characteristics he abhors in other people, but that, as I see it, is the point ? he is a teenager and as such, rather self-centered. He doesn?t choose to see that the very qualities he finds fault with in other people.?
A discussion on the way in which stress is a psychological and physical response to the demands of daily life that exceed a person's ability to cope successfully.
Abstract The following paper examines how a mild level of stress and tension can from time to time be beneficial. The writer discusses how different levels of stress can be beneficial such as feeling mildly stressed when carrying out a project or assignment which often induces us to do a good job and to work energetically. This paper examines how stress is often characterized by fatigue, sleep disorders, irritability, continuous worrying and depression. The way in which accumulated effects of stress may lead to more serious medical problems is also examined. Finally, the way in which stress may be work-related or may stem from personal problems, such as divorce, family conflicts or financial concerns or from a combination of these factors id discussed.
From the Paper "Too much stress is not good and constant stress often causes adverse effects. Most individuals are familiar with the adrenaline rush response to an emergency. The heart pulsates, the muscles contract, and the lungs expand; and while this is happening, we are able to use greater than normal strength and speed. This response is the body's way of rescuing itself when confronted with an emergency. We do not have to think about it to make it happen. Whether we are stuck in traffic, about to give a speech in front of a group, or sitting in the waiting room at a doctor's office, the human stress response happens automatically. The difference between the two is that the adrenaline response in an emergency starts and resolves itself quickly. The response to being stuck in traffic may not. The adrenal glands, located above the kidneys, secrete the emergency passes. Then the body returns to its normal function. However, the stress response is more complex and can last longer. "
Abstract An in-depth study on how children from broken homes are affected emotionally, physiologically and from a behavioral point of view. The paper explores issues such as children with single-parent homes vs. two-parent homes, the benefits of friends and extended families, single parent attitudes towards children, effects on academic education and emotional behavior, socioeconomic effects, step-parents and single fathers.
From the Paper "Today, single fathers seem to be more familiar with these roles in home management and childcare than mothers. Furthermore, the tie and connection between single fathers and children as well single mothers and children have now become new focal points for self-direction. Both single parents have set the criteria for organization of more traditional spheres of work and social life such that now single fathers develop close relationships with their children and have a greater appreciation of responsibility in being the primary parent.
However, the fact remains that no mater how good mother or a father can be as a single parent, the negative and adverse effects of children's development proofed through various studies concludes that there's a price to be paid for removing one of the traditional pairs, and the old-fashioned concept and belief that to have a mother and a father is still a pretty good idea."
Abstract This paper begins by defining the term "dating violence" followed by the scope of problems associated with the issue. Furthermore, the paper discusses the risk factors involved in dating violence as well as the early warning signs. The paper further highlights the characteristics of both the victims and the perpetrators and what can be done about the issue. The paper then discusses the myths and realities associated to dating violence, backed by statistics and the recent findings by some of the best experts in the related field the research paper.
Table of Contents
Definition of Dating Violence
Genres of Dating Violence
Dating Violence: Indicators
Conclusion
From the Paper "Violence has many forms and every form is formidable. Heated debate and ongoing extensive research shows the alarmingly increasing rate of dating violence all over the world. In order to well comprehend the issue, it is essential to know the definition as well as the significant information regarding the subject.
"Dating violence has been defined in the following manner:
1) Dating violence can be defined as an error, a threat or a crime committed by one person of an unmarried couple on the other person according to the laws/statements related to dating relationship. Such violence includes any type of sexual abuse, physical violence, verbal or demonstrative abuse. (Sugarman)."
Abstract This paper presents an argument for the necessity of animal testing of medical products, consumer products and research for cures and discoveries for illnesses and disorders. The claim is made that alternative means of testing are not as effective.
From the Paper "Throughout the years there have been many groups who have protested using animals for the purpose of testing products. These products include medical products, consumer products and research for cures and discoveries about illnesses and disorders. The groups who protest the use of animals say that it is cruel to use them for the tests when alternative methods could be found. While alternative methods have been developed for many types of testing the use of animals for testing must still be embraced. Alternative testing methods have not proven themselves to be as reliable as animal testing."
Abstract This paper introduces the common childhood disorder Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) and discusses the signs, symptoms, affects and treatments of the disorder.
From the Paper "Children with ADHD face a dual situation. They must face the fact that they have a disorder and be open to trying treatments that are often controversial. The drugs used to treat it have come under fire for many years and parents are often searching for natural treatments that will work. This discovery about massage helping the ADHD participants stay on task hints at future holistic success in treating the disorder."
Abstract The paper argues against the Constitution's raising of the legal drinking age to 21 years nationwide. The paper discusses the rise in alcoholism among teenagers since the act came into effect in 1984 and several other reasons why the law should be removed. Finally, it touches on the the fact that the law can be seen as unconstitutional for it clearly favors federal jurisdiction where there should be none.
From the Paper "At age 18, an American can vote, fight and die in a war, marry, own homes and cars, and even firearms. But these rights somehow do not measure up to the right to drink beer, wine, and spirits. The spectre of Prohibition loomed when Americans decided that alcohol consumption was so sacred and powerful that citizens can vote before they can consume alcohol legally. The paradox is astounding but fails to impress American puritanical standards."
Abstract This paper analyzes various parenting styles - authoritarian, authoritative, neglectful and indulgent parenting. The paper describes the characteristics typical to each of these styles. The writer succeeds in proving, by reviewing several researches, that parenting styles do in fact make a difference on a child's life and on who she/he becomes.
From the Paper "Does parenting matter in the field of education? Developmental psychologist John Borkowski, PhD says yes. Along with Borkowski, Sharon Ramey, PhD has edited a book entitled "How do parents matter"? Ramey says, "Parenting influences are much more than parents" desires to mold children. Can you make your child be who you want? Of course not.? Ramey also says it is preposterous to even ask the question, "Do parents matter"? (Azar, 2000)
"Is there a way to parent children that is better than others? Diana Baumrind is a leading authority on parenting and she believes that parents should be neither punitive nor aloof. Baumrind believes that parents should develop rules for children while at the same time being portive and nurturant. (Santrock, 2001)
Four parenting styles that Baumrind says exist are authoritarian parenting, authoritative parenting, neglectful parenting, and indulgent parenting. (Santrock, 2001)"
Tags: psychology, authoritarian, authoritative, neglectful, indulgent, family
Abstract This paper shows that for students with disabilities as well as those without, inclusion promotes tolerance, patience and understanding. It shows that inclusion, which refers to the integration of disabled students into mainstream classrooms, is becoming an increasingly widespread practice in schools across the United States. It explores how many schools are streamlining their general and special education programs in an effort to not only improve the relatively poor grade averages permeating America's school systems, but to enhance social and communication skills that will help students better adjust to today's increasingly diverse society.
From the Paper "Ash et al (1997) conducted an experiment that examined and evaluated student attitudes towards disabled students in three different undergraduate universities. The findings were that the majority of non-disabled students were not informed about the issues disabled students deal with at the college level. Although social contact between disabled and non-disabled students was limited, those who had attended school with disabled students in the past were more likely to initiate social contact, or respond favorably to the disabled student. Additionally, while many non-disabled students claimed to support inclusion, much of this support was hinged upon the condition and capacity of both the individual and the institution. Both disabled and non-disabled students agreed that early social and educational contact would generate a better, shared understanding of inclusion and the problems facing disabled students."
From the Paper "One of the influences on the development of the artistic movement known as surrealism derived from the writings and thought of Sigmund Freud. Freud has a particular influence on Andre Breton, one of the leading theorists of the movement, and Salvador Dali, perhaps its best-known practitioner. Each man acknowledged the contribution of Freud and produced works citing Freud directly.
Surrealism was an artistic movement with a strong political component. It was the most highly organized and tightly controlled artistic movement in this century, and its moral and philosophical leader was Andre Breton, who held the unofficial title of the Pope of Surrealism. Surrealism was also a life-style and a philosophical outlook that informed artistic expression, political action, and social life."
Effect on human development. Defines various types of abuse & discusses studies that demonstrate developmental problems of sexually abused children into adulthood.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 4 sources, 2001, $ 23.95
From the Paper "Sexual abuse in childhood contributes to a number of problems later in life, and research shows that human development is affected by abuse in a number of detrimental ways. Among the problems are the fact that those abused as children tend to become abusers themselves. Various psychological problems also derive from sexual abuse in childhood.
Sexual abuse is defined in terms of a variety of actions involving contact and noncontact maltreatment. Contact abuse is sexual contact with a youngster, with examples including molestation with genital contact, fondling, intercourse, oral or anal sex, and object intrusion. Noncontact abuse includes coercing the child to watch pornographic films or pictures, to observe sexual intercourse, to perform sexual activities, and to ..."
From the Paper "Melanie Klein and D.W. Winnicott were both psychotherapists who belonged to the British Psychoanalytic Society. Klein and Winnicott had practices working with disturbed children. They both studied and accepted the work of Freud, although they both expanded and altered his theories on child development. Despite these facts in common, Melanie Klein and D.W. Winnicott had very different theories. Melanie Klein was a firm believer in the child's innate ability to fantasize on a complex level and did not give much credence to the role of the mother during early infancy. She gave credit to the innate instincts in determining a child's development. D.W. Winnicott, on the other hand, believed that the mother has an important impact on the baby's development from birth. He believed that the environment the child inhabited was the key to a child's development. The.."
From the Paper " A parenting style is a pattern of behavior that influences child-rearing practices. Approaches vary based on several factors, ranging from how parents themselves were raised to the goals parents have for their children. The three most common parenting styles are authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative.
Parental discipline influences a child's social and emotional development. Parents are the primary educators and socialization agents of their children: "Studies have found that parental influence is a critical factor in the development of the child's self-esteem and in the child's academic achievement in school, and that parents often serve as a source of social support to the child and as role models for the child to imitate" (Beekman, 1989, p. 2). Children need to feel that they are.."
