From the Paper
"The policy of containment that was created and articulated in the U.S. during the late 1940's was based on both ideological assumptions and concrete political actions. The analysis which follows will explore both dimensions of this process, focusing on the thoughts of Reinhold Niebuhr and George Kennan as well as the political decisions of the Truman administration.

"In January of 1947 a group of liberals met in Washington D.C. to form the Americans for Democratic Action. This group pledged to continue working within the Democratic Party and to fight Communism both at home and over ... "

From the Paper
In "The Imperial Presidency", Arthur Schlesinger Jr. addresses the changing role of the president in the United States, noting the fact that by the early 1970s, when he wrote this book, the president had become almost an absolute monarch in certain matters. Schlesinger traces the history of the presidency and considers how the concept of the office has changed, how the men elected to this office have contributed to this change, and how the system functioned in the early 1970s.
Schlesinger begins with the Founding Fathers and examines what they intended and how they embodied the concepts in the Constitution for the new nation. He considers how the attitudes of the Founding Fathers influenced the direction of the presidency during the first few administrations. The Founding ... "

From the Paper
"The purpose of this paper is to show how the separation of powers helps to make the U.S. Constitution work. One of the key principles of the U.S. Constitution that has helped it to endure for two hundred years is the separation of powers of the three branches of government - executive, legislative, and judiciary. The first section of Article I vests "all legislative powers" in Congress, while Articles II and III vest executive and judicial powers in the President and the courts, respectively. Each branch of the federal government has its own area of responsibility and is restrained from encroaching on the power of the other two branches. By separating the functions of executive, judiciary, and legislative branches, the Framers of the Constitution hoped to reduce the abuses of official power and restrain the government from infringing on the rights of the (...)"

From the Paper
" Underlying the analysis and recommendations embodied in Majchrzak (1984) is the difficulty encountered by theorists in getting policymakers to make use of their recommendations and ideas. Social science research is often treated as separate from real-world problems and as something that has nothing to offer policymakers in the real world. Majchrzak's aim is to bring theorists and policymakers together to show each what they have to contribute to the other and to make policy research and policy implementation part of the same larger process. To accomplish this, the author examines the nature of policy research and then considers how it is implemented in the research process. Majchrzak defines policy research as something that is "directed at providing policymakers with the options and information they need to solve the problems we face (...)"

From the Paper
" "Perhaps no question is as central to political discourse as that of political leadership. For if there is an 'irreducible fact' of politics, it is that in any political society some shall be the rulers and some the ruled" (Dahl & Neubauer, 1968, p. 251). If that fact of consensus exists, it is perhaps the only one that accurately describes what a leader is. Political leadership is a difficult and somewhat nebulous term to define; some define it as a power relation, others a form of influence or persuasion, still others as the effect of individual personalities on the political system as a whole. Political leadership is also associated with both formal and informal organizational systems, organized or unorganized, and in groups of every size (Kellerman, 1986, p. xiii).
In looking at such issues surrounding political leadership (...)"

Tags: BIOGRAPHIES

From the Paper
"The purpose of this report is to discuss the social contract theories of Locke, Hobbes, and Rousseau.
The 18th century Enlightenment, an era that celebrated free inquiry, political liberty, and progress, saw the development of the theory of the social contract. This theory postulated a new political and social principle, which held that relations among individuals in a society, and between individuals and government, are governed by a social contract. Its chief proponents--John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau--were widely published on the Continent and discussed in learned journals, and their ideas became the philosophical cornerstone of democratic government. Indeed, the ideas of Locke and his contemporaries strongly influenced the political and moral philosophies of Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and the other architects of the (...)"

From the Paper
Introduction
" When oil was discovered in Nigeria, most people in the country thought that it was the best thing that had happened to the country..other than gaining its political independence. After several coups, a civil war, falling world oil prices, and other forms of instability, not everyone is still sure that the exploitation of the country's crude oil reserves was a total blessing. This research examines this issue.


The Development of Modern Nigeria
Nigeria is, in many ways, a unique country within the context of political development. The country emerged from colonial status in the post.World War II era with a greater reservoir of administrative and political expertise than was to be found in most of the other newly emerging independent..."

Tags: AFRICA

From the Paper
"This research examines the deregulation of the air transportation industry in the United States. Specifically, this research addresses the question: Has airline deregulation been good or bad for the consumer?

The deregulation of the commercial airline industry in the US was initiated by the Carter Administration in 1978. The momentum was building for deregulation of the airline industry in the face of resistance by most of the minor and some of the major American airline companies. The primary reason for the unenthusiastic response to deregulation, on the part of the smaller airlines, was a fear that the larger airlines would (1) enter the profitable medium- ... "

From the Paper
"This paper will discuss the philosophic foundations of Machiavelli's view of politics. Niccolo Machiavelli lived in Florence, Italy, during the late 15th and early 16th centuries. As such, he lived during the Renaissance period, a time when the Western world was undergoing a shift from the unquestioned power of the church toward a more secular or humanistic orientation. Machiavelli became a spokesman for this new trend as it affected politics, with the publication in 1513 of his book entitled The Prince. In The Prince, Machiavelli developed a political philosophy which was solely concerned with power. For him, success in politics meant only one thing: "The acquisition and preservation of political power". In this way, Machiavelli rejected the traditional morality of the church in favor of a secular approach which was considered controversial ... "

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"This research examines the role of the European Court of Justice in the political integration of the member states of the European Communities. The Court of Justice is a body of the European Communities. There are several sub-communities of the European Communities, of which the most widely known is the European Economic Community.

Integration in Europe
Within the context of international regional integration, there are five levels--(a) free-trade area, (b) customs union, (c) common market, (d) economic union, and (e) political union (Grosse & Kujawa, 1988). Each successive level involves a greater degree of integration. At the lowest level of integration, the free-trade area, tariffs are eliminated on the ... "

From the Paper
""Perhaps no question is as central to political discourse as that of political leadership. For if there is an 'irreducible fact' of politics, it is that in any political society some shall be the rulers and some the ruled" (Dahl, 1968, p. 251). If that fact of consensus exists, it is perhaps the only one that accurately describes what a leader is. Political leadership is a difficult and somewhat nebulous term to define; some define it as a power relation, others a form of influence or persuasion, still others as the effect of individual personalities on the political system as a whole. Political leadership is also associated with both formal and informal organizational systems, organized or unorganized, and in groups of every size and dimension (Kellerman (ed.), 1986, p. xiii).

In looking at such issues surrounding political leadership as the ..."

From the Paper
"Under the rubric of the governmental system of the United States of America, political and social constraints are, in theory, supposed to exist between the Executive, Legislative, and Judicial branches of the government. In practice, it is often the case that one branch or another is more powerful. This may be caused by a variety of reasons, and the perception from the public is that special interest groups, the media, and other extraneous factors combine in a variety of ways to influence political decisions. There is a relatively vague area in which influence peddling becomes lobbying. Lobbying is rather restrictive, yet it is often difficult to substantially prove that lobbying has occurred, and the various social engagements in which political activities are discussed are one of the most difficult areas of governmental life to police (Cowan, 1989)."

From the Paper
"The international political economy of the Middle East is complex and derives both from historical factors and economic and political actions of recent origin. The tensions in the Middle East date back centuries, but they have been exacerbated by such actions in recent times as the creation of the state of Israel, Israeli actions with regard to the Palestinians, the discovery and development of oil in the Arab countries, and shifts in the world geo-political situation, with the results of the most recent shifts on the latter macro-level still in the process of working themselves out on the world stage. The Middle East holds a place of particular strategic importance, and the tensions existing there impinge on relations between nations outside the region. These tensions have been of particular concern at various times because of perceived ... "

From the Paper
"Income distribution refers to the proportional share of economic benefits received by the different segments comprising an economy. The definition of segments tends to shift, based on the perspective of the examination, and the composition of segments overlap as the perspective changes. Economists often distinguish between the owners of capital and labor in considerations of income distribution, while social activists are more apt to be concerned with the distribution of income between the wealthy and the poor (Nasar, 1986), white and nonwhite, and male and female, and tax planners are interested in income distribution according to population-income ... "

From the Paper
"The death penalty has become a topic of serious controversy in recent years. In particular, debate has been made over whether or not the death penalty is an appropriate punishment for severe crimes such as murder. Although the topic has been the subject of recent debate, it is interesting to note that the basic opinions on both sides of the argument date back to ancient times. The two philosophical theories which support the death penalty are known as the "retribution theory" and the "utilitarian theory." The retribution theory is based on the idea that criminals deserve to be punished in a manner which reflects the severity of their crimes. According to this viewpoint, a person who commits murder deserves to have his or her own life taken in return. The utilitarian view, on the other hand, is based on the idea that punishment should be used as a means for ... "