From the Paper "In the 1980 presidential elections, Ronald Reagan trounced incumbent president Jimmy Carter in the biggest defeat of a president since Franklin D. Roosevelt overwhelmed Herbert Hoover in 1932. Though the American economy was in poor shape in 1980, the problems did not begin to approach the scale of the Great Depression, for which Hoover had been blamed. Nor can President Carter's ill-timed problems with foreign affairs receive all of the blame for his defeat. These factors played major roles in the election, but it was the sharp contrast between the candidates, in terms of ideas, images and campaigns, that resulted in the defeat of an incumbent president, and the election of one of the most popular leaders in American history. In all of these areas, Carter's failures were met by Reagan's successes. Carter was trapped by his 1976 campaign promises.."
From the Paper "Introduction
The federal government has several agencies dedicated to protecting the rights and welfare of workers; some of these agencies protect wages and salaries while others investigate unfair dismissal. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), created in 1970, seeks to protect workers from unsafe job conditions. That the federal government should be involved in this aspect of the lives of its citizens is not surprising given the involvement that the government has with regard to employment and jobs in general. The federal government sets the minimum wage, administers Social Security (which is the only pension many workers will receive) and serves as an advocate for workers in other situations. This research examines how and why OSHA was created, what its role has been during its quarter century of existence, some.."
From the Paper "Thomas Paine's political declaration in his tract Common Sense struck a chord with the Americans of his time. The book was so popular that it went through fifty-six editions in the first year. The book was published anonymously in 1776, and the sentiments expressed in this work by Paine helped direct the energies of the rebels and point the way to American independence from England. What Paine did in this small book was to enunciate important principles of individual human rights and the specific right of the people to challenge unjust laws and an unjust government. If this message found a willing audience, it was because the people of the Americas were ready to hear this message rather than because the message itself broke through some reserve or presented something totally new. What Paine did was to gather together many of the intellectual currents of his time.."
From the Paper " Pedagogy Of The Oppressed
Introduction
In 1929, the economic crisis in the United States affected Brazil; Paulo Freire's middle-class family began to experience the life of the poor. Living with the agony of hunger and its resulting listlessness, lead Freire to dedicate his life to the struggle against hunger. He decided that education was a major instrument involved in oppression and hunger, and developed a new and creative philosophy of education. His method of teaching has been thought of as an instructional instrument for teaching the Third World; people were taught to overcome traditional structures with knowledge of how become a person and enter the modern world. The Pedagogy of the Oppressed was the first of his writings to be published in the United States (Shaull, as cited.."
From the Paper " McCAIN-FEINGOLD BILL AND FEDERAL CAMPAIGN FINANCE REFORM
This research paper discusses proposals to reform the financing of federal political campaigns in America, primarily focusing on the bill sponsored by Senators John McCain (R-Ariz) and Russell Feingold (D-Wisc), S. 25, the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 1997, the reasons why it was introduced, how its principal provisions would change present law, its likely impact, why it has failed to pass in the Senate and alternatives.
The McCain-Feingold bill is designed to remedy partially the defects in the present scheme for regulating federal campaign contributions and spending by curbing some of the abuses revealed in recent campaigns. It failed because of Republican opposition and Senate stratagems which have prevented it from being debated and voted on in the Senate; however, the only lasting solution to.."
From the Paper " John W. Gardner wrote Self-Renewal: The Individual and the Innovative Society in 1963. That was a time of great hope for both the individual and society, before the assassination of President Kennedy (for whom Gardner worked), the Vietnam war, Watergate, and the general decline of the American Dream. The book has not stood well the test of time. Twenty-five years later, in a very changed world, Gardner's simple optimism seems naive. Of course, optimism is a good attitude for anyone hoping to live and be creative in a troubled world. However, the idea that "toughminded optimism" is "immensely important" (xii-xiii) does not make a great book, or even a great slim (127 pages of text proper) book.
Gardner's work, therefore, should be viewed in its historical context and should be taken for what it is. .."
From the Paper "There is a tension evident in the operations of Congress, the presidency, and the bureaucracy in the development of domestic policy and foreign policy between the desire to be seen as promoting representative democracy while at the same time meeting the real need to satisfy the requirements of factions in a pluralist democracy and the demands of powerful elites without appearing to do so to the exclusion of the rights of others. This is a difficult balancing act and prone to produce criticism, and the electoral system by which the President and congress are chosen in particular involves such a need for money that critics can charge that elites and powerful factions have more in-put than they should because they can provide more money. Interestingly, the bureaucracy is seen as unresponsive to most external blandishments and is instead perceived as a."
From the Paper "According to Max Weber, an intimate interrelationship exists between bureaucracy and democracy. For Weber, an effective democracy cannot exist without an effective bureaucracy, not only in terms of the day-to-day administrative requirements of a modern economy and political system, but also in terms of safeguarding the nation from unbridled corruption and abuse of power by democratically-elected officials and their appointees, as in the case of the Watergate scandal. However, toward the end of his career, Weber had backed away somewhat from his appreciation of the bureaucracy, fearing it could become a government in itself in which order would the only remaining value or ideal. For most of his career, Weber did view the bureaucracy as a dialectical helpmate of democracy.
Broom and Selznick write that Weber takes a generally.."
Examines historical roots & continuing racism in late 20th Century. Examined in terms of the Marxist view, Jim Crow Laws, institutional racism, white power & privilege, stereotypes and economics.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 8 sources, 1999, $ 47.95
From the Paper " Although black/white race relations have improved dramatically in the past two centuries, racial prejudice remains problematic. To understand this prejudice requires an examination of its historical roots. Racial prejudice results from past and present social practices that shape the perceptions of individuals.
Marxism provides an explanation for the historical persistence of racial prejudice in America. The basis of racial prejudice is power imbalance. Prior to the Civil War, much of the United States was actively involved in the slave trade. Africans were transported to American shores and forced into labor. This unfree labor could only be sustained by the adoption of certain attitudes by whites toward blacks: "It was only after Africans were enslaved that African people were represented in.."
From the Paper "Public Administration and Politics
This paper will discuss the relationship and interplay between public administration and politics. The first part of the paper will briefly discuss the traditional roles of administration and the separation of administration from electoral politics. The second part of the paper will discuss the role interest groups have come to play in the formulation of public policy as a result of their relationships to administrative agencies.
Politics play a unique role in the administration of public policy in democracies. Democratic governments are ruled by politics; they must adhere to the will of the electorate or else run the risk of being voted out of office. This means that all functions of a democratic government are somehow influenced by the political ..."
From the Paper "Thomas Hobbes's method and aims in civil philosophy in general, and in Leviathan in particular, lead him to leave the "seeds of religion" out of the War Argument because to include those seeds of religion would be counter-productive to his method and aims.
Hobbes's method is based on science, logic, reason, materialism, and empirical observation, none of which is useful in analyzing God or religion. For Hobbes to include the intangibles and mysteries of religion and God in his rational analysis of human nature and politics would have been to poison the entire project with uncertainty.
Hobbes's aim is to construct a philosophy, built on what he hopes are the air-tight bricks of reason and mathematical logic, which convinces human beings that they should immediately form a ..."
Abstract Frank Skeffington is the main character in Edwin O'Connor's political novel, The Last Hurrah. The title says much about the story being told and much about the political changes that are taking place in the city of the novel. A political campaign is here identified as a "hurrah," a word showing great excitement, joy, and at the same time a sense of triumph expressed in the word "hurrah."
From the Paper "Frank Skeffington is the main character in Edwin O'Connor's political novel, The Last Hurrah. The title says much about the story being told and much about the political changes that are taking place in the city of the novel. A political campaign is here identified as a "hurrah," a word showing great excitement, joy, and at the same time a sense of triumph expressed in the word "hurrah." An election is therefore something of a sporting event, watched by cheerleaders on both sides, each side cheering on their candidate to the finish. The fact that this is the last such campaign for Skeffington is indicated in the title, and he seems to know this as well. He is old, and since he believes this is his last hurrah, he asks that his nephew be part of the campaign so he can impart some of his knowledge to someone, his son having failed him in that regard. This occurs in an ..."
Abstract "The Declaration of Independence was adopted in 1776 as a statement of the Second Continental Congress of the independence of the American colonies from British rule.
From the Paper "The Declaration of Independence was adopted in 1776 as a statement of the Second Continental Congress of the independence of the American colonies from British rule. Thomas Jefferson wrote the first draft, and ideas were then incorporated from John Adams and Benjamin Franklin. The document was adopted on July 4, and along with success in the American Revolution, the Declaration ushered in a new political age (Carruth 138). The document produced at the behest of the Second Continental Congress expressed a number of political ideas then current in the colonies, ideas which had been expressed by others in a different form and which were now brought together by Jefferson in a final statement of independence from England.
Jefferson based much of the document on ideas derived from Locke and Rousseau concerning the value of natural law, to the ..."
Abstract The speeches of Abraham Lincoln give a good picture of that great leader in his own words and open a window onto another historical era. Some of these speeches are well-known, while others are less often read.
From the Paper "The speeches of Abraham Lincoln give a good picture of that great leader in his own words and open a window onto another historical era. Some of these speeches are well-known, while others are less often read. Abraham Lincoln's "Gettysburg Address" is one of the most famous speeches in American history, learned by heart by many schoolchildren, with phrases that have rung down through the ages, though the precise circumstances of the speech may not be so well known. The speech is not merely of historical importance but also serves as a prime example of rhetorical structure in spite of the fact that it was probably "dashed off" by its author almost as an afterthought because of the need to make a speech at a certain place for a specific occasion. Of course, the Civil War divided the country literally, with North against South, brother against brother."
Abstract "As outlined in Chapter 16, "The Struggles for Asia, 1920-1945" Mohandas Gandhi appears to be an unparalleled leader and inspirer of human political motivation. The book implies that Gandhi was responsible for the transformation of the demand for independence into a nationwide mass movement that mobilized every class of society against the imperialist forces of Britain.
From the Paper "As outlined in Chapter 16, "The Struggles for Asia, 1920-1945" Mohandas Gandhi appears to be an unparalleled leader and inspirer of human political motivation. The book implies that Gandhi was responsible for the transformation of the demand for independence into a nationwide mass movement that mobilized every class of society against the imperialist forces of Britain. As is often the case, the free India that came into being, divided and committed to a program of modernization and industrialization, was not the India of his dreams.
The highlights of his life show a man of action. Born Oct. 2, 1869, in Porbandar, India, in 1893 he went to South Africa to battle for the rights of Indians, an event which would influence his initial struggle in 1915 for India's independence. A..."
