Abstract This paper explains that the Republicans were represented by Rutherford B. Hayes, while the Democrats were represented by Samuel B. Tilden. The author points out that the 1876 election, a highly publicized and explosive battle between the Democrats and the Republicans, took place ten years after the Civil War, a crucial time for the United States of America. The paper compares the election of 1876 and the election of 2000; a candidate had to face defeat in the jaws of victory, the electoral votes were in dispute in the state of Florida, and the outgoing president tainted with scandals had completed two terms in office.
Table of Contents
Introduction: What Is an Election?
Brief Study of the 1876 Election
History of the 1876 Election
From the Paper "The Democratic Party believed that the Republicans stood to lose due to the record levels of corruption in the administration of President Grant. The Democratic Party also believed that people were tired of the Republican Party as they were responsible for the economic crisis, which had hit the nation and had left them all suffering as a result. The republicans were also hated due to their constant quotation of the term reconstruction. Reconstruction was something, which the southern states, hated, as they had to adapt according to the plans laid out by the reconstruction process."
Abstract This paper compares and contrasts the two important documents that shape America's political and social life today. The writer looks at the similarities between the two documents and shows how the founders who wrote the Constitution based many of the ideas on those of the Articles of Confederation.
Contents
Thesis
Social Comparison
Political Comparison
Economic Comparison
Conclusion
From the Paper The Articles of Confederation were composed during the Revolutionary War when the King of England had much control over the lives of the people living in the colonies in America. The need for a replacement government was felt and through this need there was created a a unification of the states with the authoritative power residing within the state government. The thirteen states considered themselves as thirteen different countries rather than one cohesive nation. As a result of this, there existed loopholes within the governments of the states.
Tags: government, history, u.s., civil, war, ammendment, nation
Abstract This paper presents an exploration of globalization and imperialism and argues that globalization is actually nothing more than imperialism with a different name. The writer uses several sources to illustrate the definition of imperialism and then holds it against globalization to prove they are one and the same.
From the Paper "A new pedagogy will be in order if the progression of imperialist globalization is to stop. Imperialism is the act of obtaining power by taking over other areas. This may mean a true take over such as was seen recently in Iraq, or it can be more subtle by way of an economic takeover. An economic takeover is what the process of globalization is advocating with its spread of capitalism, led by technological wonder and awe. In the end however it is nothing more than a new way for some nations, primarily America, to gain control over other nations through the use of business clout and dependence."
Abstract This paper examines some of the public explanations the Bush administration offered for why war in Iraq was necessary. Bush's public explanations of his reasons for attacking Iraq without UN backing are discussed, as are the messages regarding U.S. foreign policy towards Iraq that are contained within official policy documents. The reasons behind the U.S. war on Iraq as they emerge from both sources are analyzed, as are possible explanations for the discrepancies in the public and private explanations for the war.
From the Paper "From this October 7th 2002 speech, then, we see that President Bush, and his administration had several main reasons for attacking Iraq on March 21st 2003: that they viewed Saddam Hussein as "a grave threat to peace" (Bush, 2002); that the weapons of mass destruction program developed by Saddam Hussein decades earlier had never been stopped; that Saddam Hussein was a "threat to world peace" (Bush, 2002); that Saddam Hussein was a dictator, and as such, should be removed from power; that evidence was available to suggest that Saddam Hussein was rebuilding his weapons of mass destruction program; that Saddam Hussein had links to terrorist groups, which in the wake of 9/11 was a bad thing; that Saddam Hussein had links to al Qaeda; that Saddam Hussein was rebuilding his nuclear weapons program; and finally, that the overthrowing of Saddam Hussein was necessary on humanitarian grounds, so that the Iraqi economy could be reconstructed, and so that "institutions of liberty" (Bush, 2002) could be constructed."
Abstract The American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO), a federation of autonomous labor unions in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Panama, and U.S. dependencies, was formed in 1955 by the merger of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). This paper traces the history of the AFL-CIO, including the events that led up to the 1955 merger. It also discusses the organization's political leanings, operations, and presidents.
From the Paper "From the start of Kirkland's term, the AFL-CIO was forced to adapt to a number of adverse economic trends. Union membership dropped from 33% of all U.S. workers in 1960 to 14% in the late 1990s. To shore up organized labor's declining influence, the AFL-CIO concentrated on organizing service workers and public employees and improving labor unity. In 1981 the UAW rejoined the union; the Teamsters (1988) and United Mine Workers (1989) later followed."
Abstract The paper defines the Patriot Act and addresses the measurements of the conditions that the policy addresses. Then, the paper analyzes the execution of the Act and assesses the effectiveness of the policy. Subsequently, the paper presents an analytical framework, which advocates the restructuring of the present policy. Hereafter, the paper identifies and highlights the policy makers and assesses their relative importance in policy-making. The paper also identifies non-governmental organizations and segments of the public to which these policymakers must listen in order to be successful in the implementation of the policy, as well as to stay in office. Lastly, the paper identifies and assesses the constraints on achieving the policy objectives that are presented by clientele opinion, the courts and the agencies? staff, rules, and culture.
Outline
Definition of the Law
The USA Patriot Act
Implementation of the Patriot Act
Restructuring the Patriot Act
Significance of Various Policy Makers
Constraints on the Implementation of the Policy
Conclusion
From the Paper "The second millennium acquired a ruthless setback when it was shocked by the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001. The attack was unparalleled and extraordinary in many ways; it was huge, unforeseen, slyness, vicious, as well as shocking. For millions of Americans, it signified a depressing new world order for the days in front, where even the most protected society might be infiltrated and devastated by a small band of strong-minded zealots. The anthrax deaths later that September simply added to people's thoughts of susceptibility. It is no surprise that barely six weeks afterwards, on October 26, 2001, President George W. Bush quickly authorized into law the USA PATRIOT Act, by all dealings one of the most comprehensive, as well as contentious acts in United States history, proposed to spectacularly augment government powers of inquiry and enforcement, many would quarrel at the cost of individual liberties. The compound, as well as courageous 342-page Act had been quickly approved by overpowering majorities in the U.S. Senate (98-1), as well as House (357-66), devoid of public considerations or discussions, albeit the Act resembled segments of the Antiterrorism Act of 1996, which had previously been lined unconstitutional by federal courts (unknown2002b)."
Abstract This paper begins with a brief description of the country of South Korea, including area size, population, culture, economy and neighbouring regions. The paper then continues with a discussion of the impact of globalisation on South Korea and the part South Korea plays in the global economy. The writer comments on the overall effects of South Korea's relationship with its northern adversary, North Korea and how this impacts on the globalisation of its economy.
From the Paper "South Korea is found on the southern tip of the Korean peninsula, sharing its only border with North Korea. Other neighbours are Japan, 200 kilometres across Korea Strait, as well as China and Russia only a few hundred kilometres to its north. South Korea's total land area is 98,190 sq km and total population of 48,289,037. Its natural resources include coal, tungsten, graphite, molybdenum, lead, hydropower potential, and Korea makes $172.6 Billion from exports and spends $160.5 Billion on Imports."
This paper discusses the economic and foreign affairs policies of Ronald Reagan conservative government in the 1980s, during his term as the president of the U.S.
Abstract The paper discusses and analyzes Reagan's reforms and policies, whether these reforms helped the country's economic growth and political relations with other countries, and a general assessment of Reagan as a conservative president. In effect, this paper centers on Ronald Reagan as U.S. president and the positive and negative aspects that led to the rise and fall of the "Golden Age", or "Conservative Revolution", in the history of America.
From the Paper "In the history of United States, Ronald Reagan, 40th president of America, became popularly known as the leader of the ?Conservative era of American governance.? This is because during his term, he introduced reforms that radically changed the political and social landscape of the country. These radical changes, however, were not at all "radical"; instead, Reagan proposed reforms that veered towards a conservative thrust among the nation's domestic and international affairs. Reagan's term between the years 1981-1989 introduced the popular economic reform termed as ?Reaganomics,? and strengthened the country's domestic and international policies. Furthermore, Reagan had also managed to create and maintain civil foreign relations with the Union Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR), despite apparent hostilities between the two countries, particularly in the part of the United States."
Abstract This paper explores how Marx emphasized the significance of "class" and social distinction in "The Communist Manifesto", but he did not provide a definition of what "class" actually was. Through investigating the concept of class within the "Communist Manifesto", the reader witnesses why Marx did not supply a definition for "class". In terms of his views upon class and society, the nature of class within human history has characterized the role of every principle humanity is supposed to detest and prohibits the acceptable conquest of those qualities the human being is supposed to idealize.
From the Paper "Of specific note by Marx are the classes of the "Proletarian" and the "Bourgeois". For Marx, the new class of the Bourgeois (interpreted as the industrialist class) is the cause of a new era of social class strife. Marx writes: ?Our epoch, the epoch of the bourgeoisie, possesses, however, this distinctive feature: it has simplified the class antagonisms.? (35) In this concept of class antagonisms, Marx refers to the concept that the middle class of the Bourgeois now has powers that were forbidden to the peasantry, and this serves to further polarize the classes into those that rank as the "Bourgeois" and those that rank among the "Proletarian"."
A study of the development of international terrorism and counter terrorism, both in general and specifically, since the events of September 11th, 2001.
Abstract This paper focuses on the way counter terrorism and terrorism have changed since 9/11 and the growing role of the U.S. It also looks at the development of 'modern' terrorism and the possible consequences of the continuing War on Terror. It debates whetherr or not September 11th, 2001 can be seen as a day that changed the face of terrorism. It also discusses how since the invasion of Afghanistan, terrorist attacks have become more numerous and high profile although their basic purpose remains the same, to gain attention. It puts forward the view that what has changed about terrorism since 9/11 is the amount of media attention it now controls.
From the Paper "As well as presenting a recent point of reference for terrorist activity, the conflicts in Palestine and Northern Ireland also show two different ways of dealing with the problem, certain aspects of which have been adopted by the United States. In the case of Britain and Northern Ireland, the conflict is one of territory and security for those who want British rule. In Palestine and Israel however, the situation is based purely on territory. This difference in the foundation for the terrorist action seems to have dictated the way in which terrorism has been dealt with. Because of the presence of British citizens in Northern Ireland, and the small section of society that is involved in the unrest , it has been British policy in recent years to try and settle the situation through political sanctions and increased security measures to prevent terrorism."
Abstract When the dangers of smoking became public knowledge, the movement to have cigarettes labeled began. This paper traces the path that led to the creation of labels on cigarette packages through the study of John Kingdon's model of public policy and shows that cigarette labeling is one of the most classic examples of Kingdon's model in action. The paper shows that public pressure, the grass roots movements, and the window of opportunity all came together to make the government force tobacco companies to warn their own customers of the dangers in their product.
From the Paper "When a group or an individual has the desire to garner government funds for a purpose they are in a race with many other groups or individuals who want the same thing for their cause. This creates a type of vacuum in which all of the ideas, and desires are jumbled together in one large area called lobbying. Lobbying is the path the group takes to gain both public and political support for their cause. Lobbying is done before the bill ever reaches voting stages and it is where most desires for government backing or funding die. For a group to be successful in their desire to get their concerns to the voting floor they must take advantage of the window that is created by things such as public awareness, litigation and other factors. When this window occurs, the iron is hot and it is the best time to strike according to the Kingdon model."
Abstract This paper, while emphasizing that most religions preach peace and brotherhood, takes a look at why, ironically, so many wars are fought in the name of religion. The paper explores the reasons for this irony and suggests that the violence and bloodshed in the name of various religions is a result of the religious leaders and their followers and not because religions promote or condone violence. Finally, the paper points out how violence in the name of religion can sully a religion's reputation.
From the Paper "For many years people all over the world have fought in the name of belief, faith or religion. The question that still remains to be unanswered is that when all religions of the world preach peace and brotherhood then why does its followers engage themselves in such violent activities? Violence in the name of religion has been one of the major causes of destruction in many countries today. An important point to ponder upon here is that religions are not violent, it is its followers that commit wrong acts in the name of faith and as a result destroy their religion's reputation and respect. It is not the religion but its preachers that associate religion with outrage."
Tags: dogmatism, racism, bigotry, multicultural, societies, terrorism, power, just, war, religious
Abstract This paper looks at the U.S.A Patriot Act, passed by Congress, which gives U.S. authorities and law agencies the powers to conduct surveillance, immigration checks, banking checks, etc., in order to locate and eliminate any suspected terrorist threat. In particular, it examines the controversy stating that the Act infringes on the rights of privacy of the individuals within the states.
From the Paper "There are various arguments against the Act. Many US citizens are concerned about the extent to which the FBI could encroach into their lives because past experiences have time and again proved that the FBI do not follow ethical measures when investigating the whereabouts of a suspect. The officials at the FBI are elated at the new set of rules that remove bureaucratic intervention in their work and which permits them lesser hassles to operate in the USA. Incidents in the recent past have shown that the FBI has harassed its victims merely based on suspicion, or have committed offences that can never be justified by a sane mind. If the FBI could commit such blunders in better times, it is anybody's guess as to how much they could intrude into the common citizen's life after the implementation of the act."
Abstract This paper argues that the lack of a clear law regarding euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide continues to result in confusion and more suffering. It goes on to argue that many debates regarding euthanasia fail to recognize a social component to the practice. Furthermore, because of tremendous societal costs, the paper argues that government at the national, state, and local levels should take a strong stand to keep euthanasia illegal.
From the Paper "The high-profile case of Terri Schiavo has once again focused attention on the issue of euthanasia. Schiavo, who has been in a vegetative state for the past 13 years, brings a face to the legal question of when can a third party decide the fate of patients who cannot decide for themselves. According to Schiavo's husband, Terri would not want to live in her present state. Schiavo's parents, however, disagree. The parents have managed to convince Florida governor Jeb Bush to issue a stay, preventing Terri's husband from having her feeding tube removed (Stern and Goddard)."
Abstract Most people agree that changes are needed within the U.S. health care delivery system. Efforts to reform health care have been mediocre at best in recent years, despite the "efforts" and "commitment" of politicians to reform health care delivery in America. This paper argues that part of the problem is the health care delivery system has, in fact, become a commodity rather than a necessity to be provided equitably among all populations. The health care delivery system is especially tragic within the U.S., where the highest quality and most modern technological medical interventions are available, but only to those populations that can adequately afford them. Access to health care, utilization of health care, and financing are all important considerations for government officials, as well as nursing professionals and physicians. The paper examines these ideas in greater detail, as well as the reasons behind the current crisis. Interventions are also suggested for improvement to the current system.
From the Paper "The research firmly supports the notion that individuals coming from differing socioeconomic backgrounds and demographics face different prospects related to living a healthy life (Fogel, 2002). Fogel (2002) also points out that evidence exists suggesting that health care delivery systems within the U.S. and other advanced industrial countries is shifting from the principle of "universal access" to a market oriented and driven systems, where rising income inequality is among one of many factors that affects an individuals access to quality health care. The U.S. is not alone however, in their troubles and disparities related to health care delivery. In Britain for example a recent study released reveals that evidence of socioeconomic disparities in the prevalence of illness, probability of long term illness, prenatal deaths and stillborn risk exist (Fogel, 2002). In Denmark a study by Finn Tuchsen and Lars A. Endhal shows that morbidity due to cardiovascular diseases is "promoted by inequalities in income" (Fogel, 2002). The list goes on and on, affecting citizens in Rome, China and Norway."
