Abstract The recent concerns regarding bioterrorism have given rise to calls for a mass vaccination program against smallpox. The Bush Administration has floated plans to administer the smallpox vaccine to health care and military workers to protect against a smallpox outbreak in the United States. This paper examines the symptoms and morbidity rates of smallpox and studies the arguments both for and against a mass smallpox vaccination campaign.
From the Paper "Gilmore (2003) further notes that past statistics show that the smallpox vaccine poses a much higher level of risk compared to other vaccinations. For every million people vaccinated in the past, 14 to 52 persons experienced severe reactions. Furthermore, 1-2 people out of every 1 million who received the smallpox vaccine died. Authorities in the United States are further studying the possibility of a causal relationship between smallpox vaccination and subsequent deaths due to previously undiagnosed cardiac disease."
This paper reviews Nelson Mandela's autobiography, "Long Walk to Freedom", in which he explains why he resisted the apartheid government and the methods of resistance he employed.
Abstract This paper discusses that Nelson Mandela, as the leader of the ANC, led the opposition against the government through nonviolent tactics such as boycotts, strikes, and non-cooperation. The author believes that his principles of peaceful resistance are the key to his success. The paper states that if Mandela had taken a different approach, he would not have been as successful because the ruthless apartheid government, which ruled South Africa, would have punished him much more harshly than just imprisoning him.
From the Paper "Nelson Mandela chooses to resist peacefully the Apartheid government through the ANC. He and his supports incorporate strikes, protests, boycotts and non-co-operation into their peaceful resistance. Mandela starts a movement based on his beliefs and those of the ANC. He ?creates a powerful national liberation movement based on under the banner of African national is and lead by ?African's themselves.?? (Mandela 112) The key idea that that makes Mandel success is Africans lead by Africans. This radical proposed change is the exact government the African people desire. Mandela and the ANC ?advocate the redivision of land on an equitable basis; the abolition of color bars prohibiting Africans from doing skilled work; and the need for free and compulsory education.? "
Tags: boycott, nonviolent, liberation, africa, color
Abstract This paper discusses how lawyers and politicians have a notorious reputation for their unethical characteristics and how politicizing the judiciary compromises the integrity of judges and the judicial system, in general. It examines the concept an independent judiciary, the status quo of obtaining a bench seat in California and on the federal level, the cons of the California system, and a plan for ensuring the independence of the judiciary in order to understand why change is needed in the current system.
From the Paper "The federal system for appointing judges differs from the state system. At the federal level judges are appointed by the president. Before they take the bench the senate must then approve the president's appointments. Federal judges are appointed for life, but federal judges can be removed from the bench by the process of impeachment if they are considered to be corrupt. By having these judges serve life terms they can make impartial decisions without fear of being voted off the bench in a retention election. This allows them to make judicial decisions by interrupting the letter of the law, rather than popular public opinion it allows the judiciary to remain independent from politics and current issues."
Abstract This paper begins by providing a history of the Federal Reserve System in the United States. It then details some background information and discusses its purpose in the economy. It assesses the Federal Reserve System's effectiveness and looks at its potential outcomes.
From the Paper "The Federal Reserve serves as the central bank of the United States. It was founded by the Congress in 1913 to serve the function of provide the nation with a secure and committed monetary and financial system.
Today the Federal Reserve holds the responsibilities in four areas: (1) conducting the nation's monetary policy; (2) supervising and regulating banking institutions and protecting the credit rights of consumers; (3) maintaining the stability of the financial system; and (4) providing certain financial services to the U.S. government, the public, financial institutions, and foreign official institutions."
Abstract This paper takes the position that, in light of the aftermath of the post-September 11 war with Iraq, Bush's justifications for going to war were questionable. The paper examines those justifications, as well as the facts and issues surrounding Bush, and the way they were reported by major-market journalists.
From the Paper "The justifications for the American attack on Iraq in March, 2003, was largely based on the political decisions of President George W. Bush and Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, and others in his administration, that: a) Saddam Hussein was in the process of developing "weapons of mass destruction" and the United Nations inspectors should not be given more time to search suspected sites in Iraq for them; b) Saddam Hussein was linked to bin Laden's group of Islamic extremists, or terrorists, and was giving support and/or sanctuary to al Queda; c) Saddam Hussein was in the process of building nuclear weapons; c) attacking Saddam was part of the administration's ongoing ?war on terrorism.? But those justifications have not stood up well to the test of truth, and the test of time."
Tags: coalition, forces, occupation, rumsfeld, saddam, hussein, united, nations, inspectors
Abstract This paper explains that the Republicans were represented by Rutherford B. Hayes, while the Democrats were represented by Samuel B. Tilden. The author points out that the 1876 election, a highly publicized and explosive battle between the Democrats and the Republicans, took place ten years after the Civil War, a crucial time for the United States of America. The paper compares the election of 1876 and the election of 2000; a candidate had to face defeat in the jaws of victory, the electoral votes were in dispute in the state of Florida, and the outgoing president tainted with scandals had completed two terms in office.
Table of Contents
Introduction: What Is an Election?
Brief Study of the 1876 Election
History of the 1876 Election
From the Paper "The Democratic Party believed that the Republicans stood to lose due to the record levels of corruption in the administration of President Grant. The Democratic Party also believed that people were tired of the Republican Party as they were responsible for the economic crisis, which had hit the nation and had left them all suffering as a result. The republicans were also hated due to their constant quotation of the term reconstruction. Reconstruction was something, which the southern states, hated, as they had to adapt according to the plans laid out by the reconstruction process."
Abstract This paper compares and contrasts the two important documents that shape America's political and social life today. The writer looks at the similarities between the two documents and shows how the founders who wrote the Constitution based many of the ideas on those of the Articles of Confederation.
Contents
Thesis
Social Comparison
Political Comparison
Economic Comparison
Conclusion
From the Paper The Articles of Confederation were composed during the Revolutionary War when the King of England had much control over the lives of the people living in the colonies in America. The need for a replacement government was felt and through this need there was created a a unification of the states with the authoritative power residing within the state government. The thirteen states considered themselves as thirteen different countries rather than one cohesive nation. As a result of this, there existed loopholes within the governments of the states.
Tags: government, history, u.s., civil, war, ammendment, nation
Abstract This paper presents an exploration of globalization and imperialism and argues that globalization is actually nothing more than imperialism with a different name. The writer uses several sources to illustrate the definition of imperialism and then holds it against globalization to prove they are one and the same.
From the Paper "A new pedagogy will be in order if the progression of imperialist globalization is to stop. Imperialism is the act of obtaining power by taking over other areas. This may mean a true take over such as was seen recently in Iraq, or it can be more subtle by way of an economic takeover. An economic takeover is what the process of globalization is advocating with its spread of capitalism, led by technological wonder and awe. In the end however it is nothing more than a new way for some nations, primarily America, to gain control over other nations through the use of business clout and dependence."
Abstract This paper examines some of the public explanations the Bush administration offered for why war in Iraq was necessary. Bush's public explanations of his reasons for attacking Iraq without UN backing are discussed, as are the messages regarding U.S. foreign policy towards Iraq that are contained within official policy documents. The reasons behind the U.S. war on Iraq as they emerge from both sources are analyzed, as are possible explanations for the discrepancies in the public and private explanations for the war.
From the Paper "From this October 7th 2002 speech, then, we see that President Bush, and his administration had several main reasons for attacking Iraq on March 21st 2003: that they viewed Saddam Hussein as "a grave threat to peace" (Bush, 2002); that the weapons of mass destruction program developed by Saddam Hussein decades earlier had never been stopped; that Saddam Hussein was a "threat to world peace" (Bush, 2002); that Saddam Hussein was a dictator, and as such, should be removed from power; that evidence was available to suggest that Saddam Hussein was rebuilding his weapons of mass destruction program; that Saddam Hussein had links to terrorist groups, which in the wake of 9/11 was a bad thing; that Saddam Hussein had links to al Qaeda; that Saddam Hussein was rebuilding his nuclear weapons program; and finally, that the overthrowing of Saddam Hussein was necessary on humanitarian grounds, so that the Iraqi economy could be reconstructed, and so that "institutions of liberty" (Bush, 2002) could be constructed."
Abstract The American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO), a federation of autonomous labor unions in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Panama, and U.S. dependencies, was formed in 1955 by the merger of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). This paper traces the history of the AFL-CIO, including the events that led up to the 1955 merger. It also discusses the organization's political leanings, operations, and presidents.
From the Paper "From the start of Kirkland's term, the AFL-CIO was forced to adapt to a number of adverse economic trends. Union membership dropped from 33% of all U.S. workers in 1960 to 14% in the late 1990s. To shore up organized labor's declining influence, the AFL-CIO concentrated on organizing service workers and public employees and improving labor unity. In 1981 the UAW rejoined the union; the Teamsters (1988) and United Mine Workers (1989) later followed."
Abstract This paper argues that restrictions on the immigration of highly skilled workers threaten American prosperity and global competitiveness. It explains that immigrants who receive visas based on their skill levels and educational background and who can make a contribution to America's economy only comprise about 12 percent of legal immigrants. Without the necessary input of high skilled workers to meet industry demand, businesses will be forced to outsource jobs overseas and stop expanding the company all together. It claims that the bottom line is that American business cannot survive.
From the Paper "Immigration is having an ever-increasing impact on America's workforce. Since two-thirds of America's future population growth will be caused by immigration, it will continue to transform our workforce. Today, understanding the impact and implications of international immigration of the workers of the United States is an extremely controversial issue and it is at the forefront of many political debates. One of the most controversial aspects of the U. S. immigration policy is the degree to which immigrants affect the U.S. economy, in particular the labor market. In the 1980s 6 percent of the American work force was made up of foreign workers. In the 1990s, that number jumped to 10 percent. (San Francisco Chronicle 1999). Today, it is estimated that the number of foreign born workers in the United States is 15 percent. In addition, a disproportionate number of recent immigrants arriving in the United States are less-skilled and this trend is fueling the American public's concern that immigration is a major contributing factor in the decline of the relative earning of less-skilled American Workers."
Abstract The paper defines the Patriot Act and addresses the measurements of the conditions that the policy addresses. Then, the paper analyzes the execution of the Act and assesses the effectiveness of the policy. Subsequently, the paper presents an analytical framework, which advocates the restructuring of the present policy. Hereafter, the paper identifies and highlights the policy makers and assesses their relative importance in policy-making. The paper also identifies non-governmental organizations and segments of the public to which these policymakers must listen in order to be successful in the implementation of the policy, as well as to stay in office. Lastly, the paper identifies and assesses the constraints on achieving the policy objectives that are presented by clientele opinion, the courts and the agencies? staff, rules, and culture.
Outline
Definition of the Law
The USA Patriot Act
Implementation of the Patriot Act
Restructuring the Patriot Act
Significance of Various Policy Makers
Constraints on the Implementation of the Policy
Conclusion
From the Paper "The second millennium acquired a ruthless setback when it was shocked by the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001. The attack was unparalleled and extraordinary in many ways; it was huge, unforeseen, slyness, vicious, as well as shocking. For millions of Americans, it signified a depressing new world order for the days in front, where even the most protected society might be infiltrated and devastated by a small band of strong-minded zealots. The anthrax deaths later that September simply added to people's thoughts of susceptibility. It is no surprise that barely six weeks afterwards, on October 26, 2001, President George W. Bush quickly authorized into law the USA PATRIOT Act, by all dealings one of the most comprehensive, as well as contentious acts in United States history, proposed to spectacularly augment government powers of inquiry and enforcement, many would quarrel at the cost of individual liberties. The compound, as well as courageous 342-page Act had been quickly approved by overpowering majorities in the U.S. Senate (98-1), as well as House (357-66), devoid of public considerations or discussions, albeit the Act resembled segments of the Antiterrorism Act of 1996, which had previously been lined unconstitutional by federal courts (unknown2002b)."
Abstract This paper begins with a brief description of the country of South Korea, including area size, population, culture, economy and neighbouring regions. The paper then continues with a discussion of the impact of globalisation on South Korea and the part South Korea plays in the global economy. The writer comments on the overall effects of South Korea's relationship with its northern adversary, North Korea and how this impacts on the globalisation of its economy.
From the Paper "South Korea is found on the southern tip of the Korean peninsula, sharing its only border with North Korea. Other neighbours are Japan, 200 kilometres across Korea Strait, as well as China and Russia only a few hundred kilometres to its north. South Korea's total land area is 98,190 sq km and total population of 48,289,037. Its natural resources include coal, tungsten, graphite, molybdenum, lead, hydropower potential, and Korea makes $172.6 Billion from exports and spends $160.5 Billion on Imports."
This paper discusses the economic and foreign affairs policies of Ronald Reagan conservative government in the 1980s, during his term as the president of the U.S.
Abstract The paper discusses and analyzes Reagan's reforms and policies, whether these reforms helped the country's economic growth and political relations with other countries, and a general assessment of Reagan as a conservative president. In effect, this paper centers on Ronald Reagan as U.S. president and the positive and negative aspects that led to the rise and fall of the "Golden Age", or "Conservative Revolution", in the history of America.
From the Paper "In the history of United States, Ronald Reagan, 40th president of America, became popularly known as the leader of the ?Conservative era of American governance.? This is because during his term, he introduced reforms that radically changed the political and social landscape of the country. These radical changes, however, were not at all "radical"; instead, Reagan proposed reforms that veered towards a conservative thrust among the nation's domestic and international affairs. Reagan's term between the years 1981-1989 introduced the popular economic reform termed as ?Reaganomics,? and strengthened the country's domestic and international policies. Furthermore, Reagan had also managed to create and maintain civil foreign relations with the Union Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR), despite apparent hostilities between the two countries, particularly in the part of the United States."
Abstract This paper explores how Marx emphasized the significance of "class" and social distinction in "The Communist Manifesto", but he did not provide a definition of what "class" actually was. Through investigating the concept of class within the "Communist Manifesto", the reader witnesses why Marx did not supply a definition for "class". In terms of his views upon class and society, the nature of class within human history has characterized the role of every principle humanity is supposed to detest and prohibits the acceptable conquest of those qualities the human being is supposed to idealize.
From the Paper "Of specific note by Marx are the classes of the "Proletarian" and the "Bourgeois". For Marx, the new class of the Bourgeois (interpreted as the industrialist class) is the cause of a new era of social class strife. Marx writes: ?Our epoch, the epoch of the bourgeoisie, possesses, however, this distinctive feature: it has simplified the class antagonisms.? (35) In this concept of class antagonisms, Marx refers to the concept that the middle class of the Bourgeois now has powers that were forbidden to the peasantry, and this serves to further polarize the classes into those that rank as the "Bourgeois" and those that rank among the "Proletarian"."
