A look at the reasons behind the September 11 terrorist attacks and how U.S. foreign policy in the 1980s created a terrorist breeding ground in the Middle East.
1,095 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 4 sources, 2001, $ 38.95
Abstract The paper is a discussion of reasons for the terrorist attacks of September 11. It discusses foreign policy in the 1980s including CIA actions that have led to today's hostile situation. The paper also introduces the two sources of conflict in the world today: globalization and fundamentalism.
From the Paper ?The fault of intelligence agencies is not that they did not stop terrorism, but that they actively created a situation in the Middle East which bred terrorism. In the mid 1980s, as the Cold War came to a head, the CIA funded and supplied arms to militant fundamentalist Muslim groups, in an effort to create unity against the USSR . In the parlance of "intelligence" organizations, the "blowback" from this activity is the current state of terrorism in the Middle East . ?
This paper examines how Machiavelli viewed the political system, discussing what constitutes a successful leader, how to govern a nation and maintain strength and political power, no matter by what means, no matter what the cost.
1,340 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 1 source, 2001, $ 45.95
Abstract This paper discusses Niccolo Machiavelli's famous work on "how to" governing, "The Prince". The author examines Machiavelli's beliefs regarding one's rise to power, and how to maintain such control. His theory, still practiced in modern times, states that a strong leader will do whatever he can to maintain power, use as much force and deception necessary, but only if for the absolute good of the people, not for his own personal benefit.
From the Paper "Throughout The Prince, Machiavelli refers to virt?, or the characteristic that is needed in any great leader. He also says that Agathocles doesn"t have this quality for the way in which he takes the power in Syracuse. Because of this, it is important to define virt" so that we can better determine if Agathocles act displays virt?. Literally, virt? is Greek for ?manly excellence,? but that is too vague and virtue as we know it today doesn?t quite grasp the meaning used here either. Machiavelli seems to encompass a lot of personality traits into his definition of virtu."
Abstract A detailed examination of the U.S. Supreme court and the type of matters it addresses. The author argues that issues of politics and political controversies should be taken into account by the supreme court as often they form constitutional issues, and supports this view by emphasizing the chief objective of the U.S. supreme court: to preserve the principles and rights guaranteed in the U.S. Constitution. The paper includes an analysis of various politicians and an explanation of the roles of the supreme court and judiciary.
From the Paper "When political beliefs and thoughts evolve into law, often times, constitutional issues arise alongside. Although the U.S. Supreme Court has the license to decide whether or not to adjudicate matters involving hot political topics, past history has indicated that the Court has not been inclined to evade such questions, but rather, to thoroughly delve into such controversies. As a staunch Federalist, Alexander Hamilton had strong beliefs and ideas as to how the infant U.S. government should be set up and efficiently run. As opposed to Thomas Jefferson's notions on the importance of strong state governments, Hamilton believed in the superiority of a powerful central government body. He set forth his political views in the Federalist papers, examining all aspects of government and focusing on the role of the judicial branch in numbers 78, 79 and 80."
Abstract This paper examines the role of women in the colonial period of the United States and finds that although the colonial female led a comparatively better life than her English sisters she went virtually uneducated, possessed limited legal status, and was politically nonexistent.
From the Paper "Under English common law, married women were unable to contract or sue in tort unless they had their husbands? permission. English women had no contractual capacity because they had no proprietary capacity. Common law also dictated that a husband's interest in the personal and real property of his wife was absolute and he had an unlimited right over her possessions and chattels.[1] He also had an almost absolute authority over his wife's person. By law, a husband, as master over his wife, was permitted to restrain her in case of misbehavior, as well as "chastise" her in the ways he saw fit to correct her wrongdoing. [2] "
Abstract This paper discusses the book "Utopia", and how Sir Thomas More explores how a society can be controlled by the threat of divine retribution. The author examines More's position that the only way to deter man from the pleasures of sin was the possibility of divine retribution by exploring, for example, the spiritual entity, Mithra and the punishment of criminals. The paper also looks at the political and religious atmosphere prevalent in More's society.
From the Paper "The picture painted by Sir Thomas More in his book, Utopia can be interpreted by different people in different ways. Some leave the experience with the understanding that More was a visionary with a highly detailed view of the future, whereas others see him as a man yearning for a monastic past. Whichever interpretation is correct, and there are many gradations between the two, Sir Thomas More can be seen as a man who held the notion that man had a natural propensity for sin. He believed that sin, especially pride, was divisive to both man and society. More felt that the only way to deter man from the pleasures of sin was to threaten him with the possible pains of divine retribution. "
Tags: divine, more, retribution, sin, sir, thomas, utopus
Abstract This paper is intended to inform the reader of the history of the Arab-Israeli conflict from its origins to 1948. The main topic dealt with is Zionism, including its basis, the major thesis of the ideology, and its founder, Theodor Herzl. Other topics included are the basics of Jewish and Arab history. Much attention is also paid to the region known as Palestine and the Middle East in general including the colonial administrations. The essential theme is that of the Second Diaspora and the Jewish need for a homeland.
From the Paper "On May 14th, 1948, the day the British mandate was to end in Palestine, the Jews of the region under David Ben-Gurion claimed their independence and created the state of Israel. Many of the Jews of Israel, and of the world celebrated with joy and happiness at the return of the Promised Land. However, the road to independence was a long and difficult one, which had begun many years before. Homeland to the Arab people for hundreds of years, nobody could have doubted the struggle that would have to ensue when the people of the Diaspora returned to claim the ancient kingdom of David."
Abstract This paper presents an in-depth look at the Persian Gulf War of 1990-1991. The author presents a detailed history regarding why and how the war began and how it was ended a short time later.
From the Paper " War is never pleasant. It involves people dying, lots of money being spent and anger on both sides. Nothing is ever positive when it comes to a war. America stays out of most conflicts unless it sees some nation or entity bullying another one. Then this country steps up to the plate and gets involved. This was the case in the Persian Gulf War. We saw Iraq bullying up to Kuwait , and we decided it was not right. We got involved, Saddam Hussein was angry at us for it and the rest went down in history. The Persian Gulf War meant many things worldwide and a coalition of 36 nations banded together with the United States to make a statement that would not be forgotten. It worked and the Gulf War was over in a flash."
Abstract This paper explains that the antagonistic view regarding the phenomenon of Jihad is too shallow, inaccurate and unreasonable. The author explains that it is a grim fact that these views prevail as opposed to the true meaning of Jihad. Endnotes.
From the Paper "The inception of every single religion has experienced forces working against its expansion. Consequently, there have been instances where most major religions have had to use force in order to survive, prevail or exist at all for that matter. We can look up the Christian crusades or the Samurai war crimes or the Six-day war between Israel and the Arabs or even the kamikaze pilots of the Shinto faith and the list goes on and on. Although we cannot discount the political and social undercurrents involved in these wars, anyone with little common sense can arrive at the conclusion that the core basis of these wars was religion. Islam is no exception in this regard. History, especially from the western perspective is riddled with the Muslim conquests of Spain and India. Islam (at least in the west) has been labeled as the modern version of barbarianism. This dim sightedness is a result of several factors originating from the Muslims themselves and eventually developing into the increasingly popular concept that Islam in essence is the Mecca of le diable a quatre. If we take a closer look at the Muslim warfare, one word that comes up every time is Jihad. "
Tags: islam, jahada, muhammed, arab, muslim, religion, non, violent
Abstract This paper examines the direct effects that the media have on voter preference. The author focuses on the media coverage and political campaigning strategies in Great Britain and Germany, evaluating media coverage of the previous two national elections in both states, and examining press media coverage of campaigning and the overall effect it plays in the election process.
From the Paper "Once voter interest is obtained, appealing political media images are a good and often successful means of influencing the popular vote. As one-third of voters know nothing about particular politicians yet still hold strong emotions toward them, the voter attitude toward candidates and political parties is a good predictor of voter decisions. Various studies establish the ability of the political advertisements to lodge in viewer minds elements by which politicians can be judged, furthermore; political advertising can provide voters with specific image characteristics of candidates that relate to voter choice. Cwalina, Falkowski, & Kaid concluded political advertising can possibly affect voters in three ways: 1) Advertisements can strengthen already existing voter preferences; 2) Advertisements can weaken existing preferences of uncertain voters and may cause change of such preferences; 3) Advertisements can re-create the image of the candidate."
Tags: election, engineering, political, politics, science, press, germany, united, kingdom
Abstract This paper covers the history of the modern animal rights movement and examines and evaluates the current federal legislation regarding all aspects of animal testing and treatment of laboratory animals. Individual animal tests and alternatives to using laboratory animals are discussed from different viewpoints. Reasons for either supporting or condemning many different types of animal tests in the areas of medicine, cosmetics and scientific research are looked at.
From the Paper This paper covers the history of the modern animal rights movement and examines and evaluates the current federal legislation regarding all aspects of animal testing and treatment of laboratory animals. Individual animal tests and alternatives to using laboratory animals are discussed from different viewpoints. Reasons for either supporting or condemning many different types of animal tests in the areas of medicine, cosmetics and scientific research are looked at.
Abstract This paper deals with the politics and reasons of Alexander the Greats? conquests. The author covers the effects on the conquered population, major clashes and military structuring during his conquests.
From the Paper:
"With the conclusion of the Peloponnesian War, Greek city-states never forgot that they were Greeks. But the Spartans, Athenians Thebans, and others were weakened to the point where Phillip II of Macedonia could influence them from the north. In the wake of their brutal civil war between the Greeks, their fierce, contentious independence made the Macedonian's the unlikely conqueror to the Greeks, who were caught off guard. Phillip II set himself up as a protector of Greece . He had formed the cities into a league that in light of the Greek's disregard for conquest. This action served to help Phillip II's son Alexander to put together the biggest empire yet."
Tags: conqueror, greeks, history, ii, macedonia, phillip, sparta, athens, deity
Abstract This paper explains the different policies of the Bush Jr and Clinton administrations in the use of U.S armed forces overseas. Clinton's World Police humanitarianism are compared to Bush's ?power relations and great-power politics.? The paper continues with a discussion on the void created by the downfall of communism and its current lack of purpose, the history of international affairs and the CIA, Bin Laden and Afghanistan and the U.S's role in funding their arms. A similar story is told for Iraq, including U.S violations of the UN charter. Contains segments of policy inconsistencies and future foreign policy.
From the paper:
?Still, even as the Administration puts forth a realist view, they also spout idealist propaganda. This is, in part, to appease the American public in the ideal that the U.S. stands for individual rights, capitalism and the pursuit of happiness. However, the ideal is just that: a concept of perfection in the most general sense. The ideals of democracy and prosperity already exist for Americans; they are not so concerned with the rest of the world.[i] This has not always been the case: the purpose of the 40-some year Cold War was to check the expansion of communism, a purpose that Americans agreed was a necessity. Now that we are the sole remaining super power, Americans are not sure where to go with its privilege. After all, ?lacking purpose, power does not exist.??
This paper traces the history of the development of the study of Sociology and examines the works of its founders , including Marx, Durkheim and Weber.
1,450 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 6 sources, 2001, $ 48.95
Abstract This paper provides a complete overview of the development of the science of sociology. It focuses on three major players - Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim and Max Weber and their influence on the early stages of the science. It shows how they they helped form the basis for the three general perspectives in sociology: conflict theory, functionalism, and interactionism.
From the paper:
"It was Auguste Comte (1789-1857) who coined the term ?sociology.? He believed this new science should study the question of "how is society possible"? (Bartek/Mullin14) He based his own science on the idea that society is composed of individuals in the same way as a line is composed of points. The focus must be on observations of society and the collections of those individuals. Because of Comte's work, other sociologists began to study the changes in society."
Tags: conflict, theory, functionalism, interactionism, development, history
Abstract This paper examines the theory that the Korean conflict was purposely started by Joseph Stalin in order to drive the United States and China apart and to bring Mao Zedong and Communist China under Soviet influence. The author also discusses how the war's origins were primarily domestic, yet global superpowers provided quicker means to escalation.
From the paper:
"On December 16, 1949, Mao Zedong arrived in Moscow to begin discussions with Joseph Stalin. Mao hoped to acquire from the Soviets ships and aircraft to use in his planned invasion of Taiwan. Mao also wanted to renegotiate the treaty previously agreed to by Stalin and the Kuomintang government. Stalin, however, stonewalled Mao, refusing to relinquish the access to Manchuria that the treaty granted him. On December 19, realizing that Stalin was reading his messages, Mao cabled Zhou Enlai in Beijing, informing him that the Chinese Communists should soon attempt to open relations with the United States."
Abstract The following paper critically analyzes the concept of "Melting Pot" which is a term that supposedly defines America as a land of the free and home to all cultures, races, and ancestries. The author makes reference to two journal articles which claim that "Americanness" is an idea that has always been linked with "Whiteness" and that "whiteness" can not exist, without something against which to define itself - "blackness".
From the paper:
?But in the 1960s and '70s, a more inclusive ideology was suggested -- "a stew" or "mixed salad" term was beginning to emerge as the American label. This term recognized that immigrants to America might maintain their distinct cultures, languages and traditions, their ethnicity or ancestry, while at the same time recognizing their ?Americanness.? (Chideya, 1999) While this term equally recognizes the presence of many different cultures, in my opinion, it doesn?t quite articulate the mixture and combing and cultures as it is in America.?
Tags: cultures, races, and ancestries assimilation ideology white black individual development
