Abstract This paper examines how effective public relations is the key to many issues that arise in a corporation, government, or other entity, and how, without a good public relations stance and department, an entity can find itself in situations it is not prepared to handle. Through three different real world examples, Johnson and Johnson, ValuJet Airlines, and the President Clinton-Monica Lewinsky scandal, it demonstrates how not all situations are easy to handle and not all organizations or individuals are equipped to handle tough situations. It looks at how it is essential to consider all views and to launch a clear and effective public relations campaign as quickly as possible.
From the Paper "As the crisis continued to unfold and the media began to spin the situation out of control, Lewis Jordan felt he was best equipped to handle the press and the investigation that was already underway. He flew directly to the site the day after the incident and fielded questions from the site no matter how tough the questions were. However, he continued to make it clear through his public relations message that his first priority was to the families of the ones who perished in the crash. He also felt his expertise in the airline industry was another reason for him to run the public relations message and to help the company recover from this tragic event. Jordan and ValuJet faced a media onslaught and faced speculation from the media that the cause was everything from old aircraft to the engines in the plane being substandard without any evidence as to the cause of the crash."
Abstract This paper studies Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, which contends that throughout history, human society has been like a jungle where only the fittest survived. It looks at the origins, its applications, and weaknesses in the theory. The paper goes on to discuss the impact Social Darwinism had on American society in terms of perceptions held regarding poverty and inequality.
From the Paper "Social Darwinism was used to justify several actions of questionable ethics in the nineteenth and early twentieth century. For example, Colonialism was supported or even considered necessary by the Social Darwinist. It was rationalized that natives of colonized countries were weaker and unfit to survive; therefore the Colonialists were justified in seizing their land and resources. Social Darwinism also provided a justification for the more exploitative forms of capitalism in which workers were grossly underpaid and made to work in the most horrid conditions. "
This paper discusses that globalization is a good thing, since it has increased international trade; but environmentalists, trade unionists, and anti-poverty demonstrators argue that globalization creates more problems than it solves.
Abstract This paper explains that opponents to globalization claim the gains made by Western counties due to increased international trade have been at the expense of poorer countries. This paper states that globalization's export of jobs away from the United States has led to employment insecurity for many Americans, especially manual workers, since companies have been establishing production lines overseas where they can take advantage of low-wage economies. The paper relates that globalization has spawned a sort of "international Americanism", which threatens the national identities and cultures of smaller and weaker economies.
From the Paper "Since the 1970s workers have become more protectionist, and have tended to blame the international economy for the poor labor market for less-skilled workers over the last 30 years. According to these researchers, two-thirds of Americans think that international trade has been a main cause of U.S. living standards, and 30% of Americans believe globalization is the primary cause of slow wage growth. Furthermore, 56% of Americans believe that the increased disparity between rich and poor in America is due to the growth of international trade. Less-educated workers are more likely than highly educated workers to think that globalization has increased inequality in the United States."
Abstract This paper discusses how, since its conception, the USA Patriot Act of 2001 has been criticized by privacy and civil liberty organizations as being too intrusive upon American private citizens, as well as legislative bodies of government. It discusses its inception in the wake of September 11, 2001, in an effort to find the terrorists responsible for the horrific actions on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon and looks at its implementation in different sectors of society.
From the Paper "The objective of the Patriot Act is to make it easier for federal agents to investigate and identify possible terrorist threats in the U.S. (Henderson 2002). To achieve this, "Congress modified preexisting surveillance law, which among other things established the conditions under which the government could electronically monitor various types of ongoing communications within the United States in non-emergency situations" (Henderson 2002). Among the modifications is the pen/trap order, which previously was only valid in the district where it was obtained, however, now once an order is obtained it is valid throughout the United States (Henderson 2002)."
Abstract This paper explores the initial controversy caused by Nestle Company and other multinational companies' marketing of baby formula to impoverished nations. The paper looks at the pamphlet, "The Baby Killer", which raised public awareness about the problem of how the baby formula was being marketed and the resulting infant deaths and looks at Nestle's response to the pamphlet. The paper also examines the consequences of the pamphlet in terms of how private voluntary organizations and international agencies have subsequently been able to influence the way companies do business in Third World nations, as well as the continuing controversy concerning predatory marketing in Third World countries.
From the Paper "The story of the Nestle Baby Formula Controversy begins almost three decades ago with the publication of a pamphlet called "The Baby Killer" in 1974 by Mike Muller and War on Want, a London-based activist group concerned with problems of the Third World (Akhter 1994). The pamphlet claimed that Third World babies were dying because their mothers were feeding them infant formula that was being marketed by multinationals such a Nestle of Switzerland and United Kingdom's Cow and Gate (Akhter 1994). The aftermath of the publication led to an international crisis for Nestle."
Abstract The United States government has been in existence for hundreds and hundreds of years. During its success, there has been one department in charge of law enforcement. This department is called the Justice Department. Within the Justice Department, there are several agencies that up hold and enforce the laws of the United States government. One of these agencies that fall under the jurisdiction of the Department of Justice is the U.S. Marshal's Service. This paper provides an overview of the history of the agency, covers its current issues and resources, and discusses some of the challenges it will face in the future.
From the Paper "On September 24, 1789, President George Washington appointed the first U. S. Marshals to the service. There were thirteen individuals appointed as Marshals by President Washington. Thus was the birth of the Marshals service. The Marshal Service is the oldest law enforcement agency in the nation. It is the image of how America governs its self. In 1790 the Marshals Service was assigned to carry out death sentences on suspects that were sentenced to death by federal courts."
Abstract "How the other Half lives" is one of the most celebrated books on the subject of deplorable living and working conditions of immigrants at the turn of the century. Jacob Riis's powerful account of life in tenement buildings in New York City was first published in 1890 and took American's largely complacent majority by storm. The paper shows that the book may have been about the poor and the destitute of New York City, but it was meant for the 'other half' that was not portrayed in the book. The readers were those who had little or nothing in common with the real life characters of the book, and this explains the main purpose of the book to us. The paper explains that Riis saw the immigrants' heart-rending life in the tenements from the eye of his camera and then made the middle-class and upper-class Americans see it for themselves through his sharp essays and scathing images.
From the Paper "Riis accuses the wealthy and the influential of complacency and apathy and holds them responsible for at least some of the problems that tenement occupants faced. He feels that since the public is kept in dark about the gravity of the situation, the poor immigrants keep suffering and the government is never held accountable. Riis contends that normally the other half, the affluent half of the country, never attempts to get the whole truth and for this reason, a person dying of utter deprivation and starvation is classified as case of "improper nourishment"."
Abstract This paper begins by explaining the difference between a public debt and a federal debt and then takes a look at President Bush's tax-cut policy, the theory behind why it is supposed to help the economy, its effects, and its implications for American citizens and the American economy.
From the Paper "A debt that has been accumulated by the Federal Government in either its Treasury or in its Financing Bank is referred to as a "Public Debt". The debt could have been incurred by either the selling of "securities" and bonds to the public, or through the borrowing of funds from a Federal account. A public debt can also be defined as the total amount that the Federal Government has accrued due to all its borrowings in the past. (Definition of Public Debt) Federal Debt, on the other hand, can be defined as the total amount of debt that is owed by the Federal Government that is as yet unpaid. A federal debt can consist of both public debt and agency debt. A federal debt is made up of the funds owed to the Treasury, in the form of Treasury Bills, Treasury Notes, and also Treasury Bonds."
Abstract This paper describes a make believe terrorist attack on "City Hall" and presents a strategy for responding to the attack. The strategy consists of a preliminary evaluation of the scene, concerns about scene safety, lifesaving efforts and scene protection and establishing security and control.
Part 1: Preliminary Evaluation of the Scene
Part 2: Concerns about Scene Safety
Part 3: Lifesaving Efforts and Scene Protection
Part 4: Establishing Security and Control.
Scenario: Security and Control
Facts from OSHA and Government Security to Support our Strategy:
From the Paper "Our head person of safety will be the Safety Officer (SO). The SO provides overall safety of the scene to workers and bystanders creates a safety plan and ensures there are no alterations to this plan. The SO will work directly under the Incident Commander (IC) and may work closely with the Management Staff coordinating safety operations. The SO at any time may suspend the plan(s) of action if they deem necessary for safety reasons. Workers must keep in mind that the number one important thing on the scene is safety. This includes the safety of oneself, coworkers, victims, bystanders and least, property. The SO will coordinate as often as needed with the IC, Section Chief and/or Incident Manager."
Abstract In the philosophy of law, two competing factions each offer compelling arguments as to the basic nature, origin, authority and responsibility of law. These two theories are known as Natural Law Theory and Legal Positivism. This paper shows that while there are many disagreements between the two theories, at the heart of the argument is the questionable relationship between law and morality. The paper examines how Natural Law Theorists argue that there is an essential and innate overlap between law and morality, while Legal Positivists argue that while the decisions of law and morality do occasionally overlap, there is no natural relationship between them.
From the Paper "Legal Positivists rely on a sovereign to legislate law; this sovereign,
whether it be a monarch, an aristocracy, an elected parliament, or any other person or body that writes the law for a society. For a sovereign to be considered as such, most, if not all, of the population must follow the sovereign's laws, and there must be a threat of force to enforce the law. If either of these conditions are not met, the leader cannot claim to be a true sovereign entity. Also, the sovereign cannot be subject to another sovereign's authority, such as God; if a sovereign is to be the head of a society and the maker of laws, she must be invulnerable to persuasion or else she is not a sovereign."
Abstract In this paper, the writer examines President John F. Kennedy's decision-making during the Cuban missile crisis of 1962. The writer provides a background of the crisis. In the article, the writer discusses dealings between Kennedy and Soviet leader, Khrushchev. The writer also covers the outcome of the crisis.
From the Paper "The Cuban Missile Crisis occurred in October when the Soviet Union under the leadership of Premier Nikita Khrushchev began placing offensive ballistic missiles in Cuba, just miles off the U. S. coast. Traditionally, historians have contended that Khrushchev began placing the missiles in Cuba from a position of strength, intended to defy a weak foe, President John F. Kennedy. They emphasized the apparent resolve Kennedy showed in dealing with Khrushchev, essentially portraying Kennedy as a man who finally became presidential during ... "
Abstract In this article, the writer points out that women are discriminated against in the workplace with lower salaries and fewer promotions compared to men, regardless of the education or experience they have. The writer questions why people take employers to court for discrimination. The writer notes that before discussing how women are discriminated against it is important to understand why discrimination is wrong.
From the Paper "Four out of ten American women visit one of Wal-Mart's stores weekly ... Yet Wal-Mart is not only a horrifyingly stingy employer: Many workers say it is also a sexist one. Wal-Mart is not the only business discrimination against women. Five different areas of discrimination are race, sex, religion, age, and disability. Another large company that discriminates against women is Boeing."
Abstract This paper examines the impact of oil prices and the economic effects that occur directly following rising oil prices. The paper suggests that tapping large oil resources in Canada will help decrease the cost of crude oil but warns that the voracious appetite of the Chinese economy for fuel may not yet have peaked. The paper points out that regardless of the direction of oil prices it is clear that the United States is in the unenviable position of being forced to find an alternative fuel source for the future. In conclusion, the paper shows that as the leader of the global economy, American will bear the bulk of the costs associated with this effort but will hopefully reap the majority of the rewards and until that time, oil prices will continue to have a significant impact on the US economy.
Outline:
Rising Oil Prices Hurt the Consumer in a Number of Ways
The Resilient American Economy
Peaked or Transitioning Higher
From the Paper "Just four years later, Huber's article seems less accurate than it might have been viewed at the time it was written and yet, many of the indications presented in the article can be reasonably said to have survived the economic tumult that rising oil prices have caused in the US. It is, however, difficult to assess how much of an impact the price of oil is responsible for causing to various aspects of the economy. To be sure, oil price has a measurable impact, but at what point does the terrorist attack of 2001, the corporate scandals of 2002 and the Iraq war of 2003 become simply economic footnotes rather than an influencing factor on the buying power of the American public. After all, the price of oil does not exist in an economic vacuum and yet there are some indicators that can be tied directly to the price of oil."
A look at how, since the late 1960s, militant Basque nationalists have used terrorism in an attempt to gain independence and how Spain has responded with police crack-downs and repression.
2,280 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 7 sources, 2000, $ 70.95
From the Paper "Basque issue it inherited from Franco's dictatorship. The conflict has two basic issues. Historically, the Basques are not linked with the Spaniards. The Basques have a separate identity, demonstrated by a different culture and an entirely different language. The other issue is violence. Since the late 1960s, militant Basque nationalists have used terrorism in an attempt to gain independence. Spain has responded with police crack-downs and repression. However, the problem goes further. Issues of civil rights and the ability of the state to use force against its citizens have all been affected by the Basque conflict. These issues affect all Spanish citizens, but they have arisen from the regional conflict in the Basque country."
Tags: basque, batasuna, eta, herri, nationalism, pnv, separatism, spain
A look at the history of the development of Political Action Committees (PACs), how they operate, and what are the disadvantages and difficulties of having a political system influenced by them.
1,362 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, 1999, $ 45.95
From the Paper "With the advent of the information age, and with the virtual necessity of the use of these new media to disseminate information, elections are becoming ever more costly. The 1982 election, an off-year election, cost over $240 Million to conduct. Politicians are scurrying to find new funding sources. A recent trend has been the increase in the proportion of election expenses covered by Political Action Committees, or PACs. These groups represent a group of people with common interests who "want to advance a specific political agenda by contributing to candidates who share their views." PACs are a potent financial tool in elections. The sources of PAC money are manifold and multifarious; many types of PACs exist. As a corollary, many have called into question whether high campaign contributors indeed influence the policies of the candidate in their favor. Further, with the abundance of soft money, campaign contributions are becoming ever more difficult to track or to regulate."
Tags: action, campaign, committee, government, political
