Abstract This paper is written about refraction and reflection images in telescopes. Refracting telescopes were the only type of telescope for nearly a hundred years" (Course Notes 36). In the refractor telescope, the objective lens is responsible for magnification. In reflector telescopes, it is the primary mirror that collects great amounts of light from distant objects and creates a brighter image.
Abstract This paper looks at Einstein's life. The effects of his early life and how that influenced his later work is looked at. This paper looks at his life as typical and extraordinary.
Abstract This paper presents an intellectual biography of Albert Einstein. It considers the influence of his society on his development and theories and the impacts of his theories on society and science.
Abstract This paper provides three statistical tables that describe planetary temperatures of Earth, Mars, and Mercury. It includes a table that provides vital statistics for each of these three planets and as offers descriptions of the data provided. These descriptions elaborate on the data provided and discuss relations of planet temperature with location, proximity to the sun, rotation cycles and information about planetary axis.
Abstract This paper shall examine comets from a research perspective. It will present a very simplified explanation of the nature of the comet, as well as the role comets have played in human history.
An analysis of the elements of religion and science in "Galileo, Science and the Church" by Jerome J. Langford and "On Crimes and Punishments" by Cesare Beccaria.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 2 sources, 2002, $ 53.95
Abstract This paper will discuss the book "Galileo, Science and the Church" by Jerome J. Langford and "On Crimes and Punishments" by Cesare Beccaria. By understanding how both of these books seek to tell us how the world may view theories in the scheme of religion and science, we may have a better understanding of the issues that are at hand with these modes of thought.
Abstract This paper expounds the ?Theory of Everything,? starting with the pioneering theories of Newton's "Laws of Motion" and Einstein's ?General Theory of Relativity,? developing right through to the cutting-edge "string theory" research currently being conducted around the world today. It shows the importance of fields of study as seemingly diverse as calculus, differential geometry, electromagnetism, particle physics and quantum mechanics to the development of a "Theory of Everything". It also demonstrates how those with access to this theory can use the knowledge as power for anything, such as understanding stock markets using the premise that the stock market moving up over time means that these are not random movements and therefore should be explainable.
From the Paper "Stock markets exist over time and space (the geographical markets) that we are able to quantify and understand to a degree. Therefore, as with Einstein, we are fairly comfortable with the stock market in its familiar four dimensions. We have become accustomed to inflation; the rising of prices of goods rise over time and this is obviously a major reason for at least part of the upward rise of share prices. However, what happens when we explore the smaller dimensions ? like the six unknown dimensions string theorists grapple with? Like the string theorists who know that subatomic matter exists but can?t explain or predict its behavior, we often know what influences the stock market but are usually unable to predict it."
Abstract This paper examines the physics behind gun silencers, whose task it is is to take an explosive discharge of hot gases, which is the result of a controlled explosion in a tiny space, and eliminate the sound. It provides a brief biography of Hiram Maxim, the inventor of the machine gun, gas motor, mouse trap, and the first firearm silencer / noise suppressor, and the history of the development of the silencer over the years. It also discusses the dynamics of the gasses created in the explosion and evaluates the dynamics of an effective gun silencer design.
Outline
Sound Dynamics
Gas Dynamics
Gun Silencer Design
Disclaimer
From the Paper "The explosion which is caused by igniting the powder in a fire arm munitions creates not only compressed air waves, and thus sound, but the explosion also introduces an additional volume of gas into the gun barrel which must also be diminished if the silencer is to effectively muzzle the sound. The gases take up volume in the barrel, increasing the speed at which the air travels. The additional gases also compress the air. So the explosion contributed to the sound in both of the ways described in the table above. In order to counteract these forces, the gas volume, and the compression level of the gasses must both be diminished."
Abstract This paper expounds the ?Theory of Everything,? starting with the pioneering theories of Newton's "Laws of Motion" and Einstein's ?General Theory of Relativity,? developing right through to the cutting-edge "string theory" research currently being conducted around the world today. It shows the importance of fields of study as seemingly diverse as calculus, differential geometry, electromagnetism, particle physics and quantum mechanics to the development of a "Theory of Everything".
From the Paper "However, there is a fundamental discord between Einstein's "Theory of General Relativity" and quantum mechanics. Einstein saw the universe in four dimensions (the three dimensions of space plus time). The gravitational force that binds matter to the earth stems from this space-time continuum. Since quantum mechanic's subatomic particles only exist theoretically, they cannot be located in space-time and their motion can only be hypothesized. Thus, we have two theories that work individually but not together. There are also many unanswered questions. Relativity cannot tell us how the big bang created the universe or what black holes consist of. Similarly, quantum theory is not able to make order or sense of the assortment of miniscule matter it describes."
Abstract This paper examines how, for many who lack a strong grounding in math and science, the two are often associated as being the same. The purpose of this paper is to define mathematics and science, showing them as two distinct fields of inquiry and then to show how advances in theoretical mathematics contribute the framework needed for scientists in the study of quantum mechanics, a branch of physics, which in turn, is one of the many branches of science.
Outline
Introduction
Mathematics
Science
Quantum Mechanics
Mathematics and Quantum Mechanics
Science and Quantum Mechanics
From the Paper "Finally, applied mathematics is a term loosely applied to a range of studies which have significant use in the sciences, specifically the empirical sciences, (branches of science open to practical or experiential experimenting). Applied mathematics makes use of numerical methods and computer science, seeking concrete solutions to explicit mathematical problems. In science and technology it has a major use as a way to model and/or simulate natural phenomenon or events. Examples include using mathematical models in computer generated wind tunnel tests to predict the behavior of a given shape of a prototype airplane wing without resorting to expensive actual wind tunnel testing."
Abstract This paper presents a brief biography of Isaac Newton. The paper begins with his family history from his early days in England to his student days at Cambridge. The paper then explores Newton and his various fields of interest: Optics; Astronomy; and the Laws of Mechanical Motion. The writer believes that Newton laid the foundation and standardized the scientific approach, which revolutionized the whole mode of human life.
From the Paper "Of all these laws Newton's most famous is the law of universal gravitation, which explained that every object in the universe exerts an attractive force (gravitation force) on every other object. Thus Newton's laws of mechanical motion in effect created a new perception in our understanding of the universe and the interrelation between the different heavenly bodies. Ernst Mach an eminent scientist had this to say about Newton's law of mechanics, ?All that has been accomplished in mathematics since his day has been a deductive, formal, and mathematical development of mechanics on the basis of Newton's laws.? [Michael .H. Hart, 44]. All these laws were published in his famed work "principia" (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy?) in 1687."
Abstract This paper introduces and explains several theories in physics, such as the M theory, string theory, quantum mechanics, and general relativity theory. It presents them in layman's terms and explains how these theories all work (or don't work) together.
From the Paper "Quantum mechanics or the quantum field theory has worked well to describe the known behaviors and properties of particles of the Planck length or very small particles. General Relativity works with large objects like planets and galaxies. However the theories only works when one of the two theories can be neglected. General relativity has explained a lot about the universe, the evolution of stars, the orbits of planets, and best-known theory "the Big Bang". It also shows how black holes and gravitational forces work. However, the General relativity theory only works on its own and when we think of the universe in traditional matter because of the fact that quantum mechanics dose not comply the description of General Relativity. The two work well to explain the theories they were set up to explain however the do not work together. String theory was then conceived to explain the how Quantum Mechanics, the really small stuff, and General Relativity, the really large stuff, works together."
Abstract This paper looks at how, as Galileo first turned his telescope toward the heavens, he was drastically turning mankind away from its long-accepted view that the Aristotelian view of the heavens was correct. It examines the significance of Galileo's early astronomical observations on the Aristotelian universe by examining Aristotle's theory of the cosmos, pertinent background on Galileo, his discoveries, and the effect they had on Aristotle's universe.
Outline
Introduction
Aristotle's Universe
Galileo Leading Up to His Discoveries
Galileo's Observations and their Significance
The Moon
Jupiter
Venus
Other Important Observations
Toward a Heliocentric Model
Conclusion
From the Paper "The next object Galileo turned his attention to was the planet Jupiter. In January of 1610, he saw three small but bright stars in the area of Jupiter that changed positions with time, but never strayed far from Jupiter. After repeated observations, Galileo concluded that there are three stars in the heavens moving about Jupiter. He later discovered a fourth satellite of Jupiter and he named these moons the Medicean stars. These satellites were seen to orbit Jupiter at various distances and speeds. This was the first time that a planet other than Earth was found to have satellites orbiting it."
Abstract The atom is the very smallest unit of matter or the smallest part of a chemical element that still contains all the parts of that element. Atoms are the very heart of our chemical elements, and harnessing the atom has been a long, historic process. This paper shows that atoms have been known about for a while in history, but it was not until the 20th century that scientists learned how to harness the power of the atom and use it effectively.
From the Paper "Today, scientists have uncovered much more information about the elements that make up the atom, including baryons, quarks, and antiparticles. Because we understand more about the composition of the atom, we can use it more effectively. For example, scientists often use protons in particle accelerators, (sometimes called "atom smashers"), which create beams of actively charged particles and then point them toward targets. The energy created by these accelerators help scientists study the nucleus of the atom, and create the nuclear energy that will create new particles."
Abstract This paper provides a scholarly examination of the elements oxygen, radon, and lead, including who discovered them and when, how they are isolated from the environment, and some of their commercial applications. An analysis of what the impact of the loss of these elements on life and society is also provided.
From the Paper "Dmitri Mendeleyev's discovery of the Periodic System can be traced to when he first began his scientific work in 1855. At this time, the central axiomatic assumption of chemistry was the notion of a chemical ?element.? Tennebaum says that this notion was associated with the idea that researchers cannot differentiate or divide substance down indefinitely, without encountering some kind of a limit, boundary or, "singularity" (Tennenbaum, 1994, p. 3). In the specific practice of chemistry up to the time of Mendeleyev, the exploration of this area took the form mainly of what are called chemical separation methods as distillation, precipitation, electrolysis, centrifugation, and so forth (Tennenbaum, 1994, p. 4). It was through this type of exploration that chemists that chemists had discovered about 64 elements at the time of Mendeleyev's initial research. The French chemist Antoine Lavoisier, on the other hand, adopted the view that these chemical elements are "singularities" (moments of change, in a search not for ultimate building blocks, but for what he called the ?principles'' of matter."
