Abstract This paper is all about "matter" and ?antimatter.? Various aspects of the topic of antimatter are explored such as a detailed explanation of its concept, the history of its discovery and subsequent developments. The paper also includes a discussion of the relevant theories of physics that are related to the subject and help us to understand the concept of antimatter.
From the Paper "Man has for ages called everything that exists on earth as ?matter.? As his knowledge increased over the years, scientists discovered that matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. These atoms, in turn were discovered to have a nucleus at the center, surrounded by a cloud of electrical charges called ?electrons.? Still later, it was discovered that the nuclei contain still smaller particles named protons and neutrons. Latest research shows that even the tiny protons and neutrons consist of even smaller "fundamental particles" called quarks. Quarks are believed (so far!) to be indivisible. This knowledge about "matter" is relatively common. What is less commonly known is the scientific discovery that all matter or particles have partners or "mirror image" having most properties similar to their corresponding matter but with an opposite charge (and other electro-magnetic properties). For want of a better name, scientists called their new discovery ?antimatter.? "
This paper discusses the advantages of solar energy: Cost factor, inexhaustible source, alternative to oil, pollution-free and non-monopolistic. Types & applications.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 5 sources, 1991, $ 63.95
From the Paper "Energy is a crucial building block for civilization: Without reliable sources of power, modern technology would not exist. Reliability does not always equal availability, however, and the search for renewable or inexhaustible energy sources that also are relatively inexpensive, nonpolluting and available to everyone has become of paramount importance - enter solar energy. This alternative to fossil fuels has all of these advantages and comes in several forms and applications, adaptable to most uses, and as part of the earthos domain (rather than one person's - or one country's - oil field), it is nonmonopolistic.
Solar technology operates on different principles, depending on the type of system used. For example, active solar systems use mechanical means such as solar collectors, pumps and fans to ... "
From the Paper " Many people have concluded that nuclear power is fundamentally evil (Morgan 7). Those who oppose nuclear power do so because, at least in a rough qualitative way, they have balanced the risks and benefits as they understand them and have concluded that no amount of readjustment in the organizations that manage the technology or in the nature and balance of the risks and benefits it brings will make nuclear power acceptable. Other people still view this issue as a balance of risks, costs, and benefits. Proponents of nuclear power argue that, with much re-education and some re-examining of current organizations and technology, the public can be persuaded to welcome back nuclear power (Morgan 7).
Although nuclear power continues to play an active role in the energy planning of other nations, the U.S. nuclear power..."
This paper discusses the use of tidal power as a cource of electricity: Technology, cause of surges, mills, caissons, barrages, turbines, costs and advantages.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, 1994, $ 55.95
From the Paper "Tidal energy has been used by humans for hundreds of years. In the modern era, the power is utilized for the production of electricity. The technologies involved are both proven and effective. However, with the exception of a tidal power plant at La Rance, France, the energy resource remains largely undeveloped. This may be in part because of the relatively high cost of the electricity produced. Only in appropriate circumstances will tidal power ever utilize its potential as both a dependable and enduring power source.
Tidal surges are caused by complex interactions between the gravitational fields of the sun and the moon. These phenomena occur in cycles of varying length. For the most part, the earth's oceans bulge along an axis which is approximately in line ... "
Abstract This paper explains that by viewing the gas that surrounds stars as a dynamic atmosphere, undergoing cycles of materials similar to those that go on in the Earth's own protective gases, astronomers are understanding more and more about the processes involved in the formation of stars. The paper deals with the questions of how the supernova of massive stars affect the formation of stars in the future, why star formation seems to occur in relative bursts, and how long the Milky Way will continue to produce stars.
From the Paper "Beyond applying the atmospheric model to intergalactic gas, astronomers have also been studying more carefully exactly what components make up the gas and at what temperature these components exist. About 90% of the constituents of intergalactic atmosphere are various forms of hydrogen, with close to 10% being helium, and everything else, from lithium to uranium -- the whole spectrum of the periodic chart -- making up less than 0.1%. The majority of the hydrogen is present as neutral hydrogen, termed H I by astronomers. This form of hydrogen gas is identified by the spectral frequency of the light that it emits, namely 1,420 megahertz. Although scattered throughout the galaxy, the majority of H I is located around the galactic midplane, and forms a gaseous disk about 300 parsecs thick (Reynolds, 2002, p. 40)."
Abstract The paper traces Einstein's formative years, focusing on the difficulties he encountered at school. The paper analyzes the way his Theory of Relativity affected many areas of life in Einstein's day, such as science, the arts and the production of weapons of mass destruction. It also examines the fact that since Einstein's theories have never been disproved, most modern scientific research is still based upon his theories.
From the Paper "Einstein will likely be remembered for into the future for the scientific contributions he made, but it is important that those who steadily Einstein and admire his work also realize that he was an individual with thoughts and feelings of his own. He was generally a pacifist and a humanitarian who even renounced his German citizenship when the Nazis took over Germany. He came to the United States instead, and spent his days in New Jersey, where he continued to work on various scientific theories and other notable information. Albert Einstein passed away in 1955, and the scientific community suffered a great loss that day."
Tags: quantum, physics, gravitation, light, space, energy
Abstract This paper examines the background history of electricity and discusses how conduction operates. The authoridentifies the major discoveries of scientists who have studied electricity and discusses the inventions these discoveries have led to.
Abstract This paper identifies the aspects of a planet's atmosphere that influence its temperature. It also explains how these factors are linked to global climate change.
Abstract This paper discusses alternatives to nuclear power like fossil fuels, solar and hydroelectric power and describes the problem of waste disposal at the Yucca Mountain Repository for nuclear waste.
Abstract This paper analyzes the tremendous impact and the immense contribution of the science of magnetism in the technological arena. It begins by introducing the concept of magnetism and then discusses how it applies to nuclear magnetic resonance. It then discusses performing in-vivo studies and magnetoencephalography (MEG). It finally discusses how the technology is used in magnetic storage and magnetic chips.
From the Paper "This era is characterized by the rapid advancements made in technology and the remarkable breakthroughs in every frontier of science have dramatically altered our lives. The phenomenon of magnetism in particular has made a great contribution in this technological revolution. The electron microscope, which is based on principle of magnetism, was one of the important and earliest scientific achievements (1930) which broke the barriers in the study of cell biology. Extensive research and development in the field has deepened our understanding of magnetic science and today we are better equipped than ever before to harness the power of magnetism. The application of magnetism is diverse and extends to almost all fields of science right from critical medical diagnosis to space engineering and information technology."
Abstract This paper provides an insight into nanotechnology, an anticipated manufacturing technology that is intended to provide thorough, inexpensive control of the structure of matter through the manipulation of individual atoms. Topics discussed include the definition of nanotechnology, the ultimate goals, and potential hazards of the technology, as well as the companies, both privately and publicly owned, that are involved in the field. It looks at some of the products of nanotechnology and describes how nanotechnology can be used in our daily lives. It also discusses the role the government currently plays in funding research into nanotechnology applications. A summary of the research is provided in the conclusion.
From the Paper "The term, ?nanotechnology,? was proposed by K. Eric Drexler. The Institute of Nanotechnology advises that nanotechnology can best be considered as a "catch-all" phrase used to describe activities at the level of atoms and molecules that have applications in real world settings. A nanometer is a billionth of a meter (about 1/80,000 of the diameter of a human hair, or 10 times the diameter of a hydrogen atom) (Nanotechnology ? What Is It?, 2002). Nanomaterials are defined as particles having a size in the range of 1-100 nanometers that exhibit unique physical and electrochemical properties, thereby enabling the manufacture of stronger, harder, more wear-resistant materials."
Abstract This paper discusses how light emitting diodes (LEDs) work, materials used to make them, their significance in everyday appliances, and what they may be used for in the future by employing new technologies. The full utility of these devices has not yet been realized; they are highly efficient and have many applications in illumination and storage technology. This paper "sheds some light" on the many uses for this seemingly simple device.
From the Paper "Before discussing semiconductors and semiconductor devices we should first cover the basics of conduction. Conductivity of a material is dependent on three factors. First is the number of charge carriers per unit volume or carrier density. Charge carriers can be electrons, holes or ions or any combination thereof. The second factor is the charge per carrier. This is typically measured in Coulombs so it is the elementary charge in the case of electrons and holes or is the charge of the ion in that case. The third factor is the charge mobility. This factor is a little more complicated and will be covered in more depth later. It is dependent, however, on acceleration of the carrier, dependent on electric field strength, and the average time between collisions, which is dependent on temperature and defect concentration. The conductivity is then the product of these three terms."
