Examines the risk and hazard factors of bright blue light in the workplace and compares the use of green light in the work place and examines the safety issues relating to green light use.
Abstract This research paper examines the hazards and risks associated with the use of blue light in the work place. In addition, the paper examines the use of green light in the workplace and the safety issues relating to the use of green light. Also examined is the fact that blue light marketers inform the public that lamps with 'enhanced' UV will ensure better health.
From the Paper "Photometric quantities such as luminance (brightness in cd/cm2 as perceived by a human "standard observer") and illuminance in lux (the "light" falling on a surface) indicate light levels spectrally weighted by the standard photometric visibility curve which peaks at 550 nm for the human eye. To quantify a photochemical effect it is not sufficient to specify the number of photons-per-square-centimeter (photon flux) or the irradiance (W/cm2) since the efficiency of the effect will be highly dependent on wavelength."
Abstract The paper discusses the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant and at the Three-Mile Island plant to explain why people are so concerned about the impact of a nuclear disaster. The paper then reveals that the responsible and safe use of nuclear power can have tremendous benefits as well; it is relatively inexpensive and low on pollutants. The paper asserts that the use of nuclear energy should therefore be classified according to its use, rather than for any of its inherent characteristics.
From the Paper "When one hears the word "nuclear," the image that springs to mind is one of destruction. After all, the world was first introduced to nuclear energy in the form of the atomic bomb, two of which were used to devastate Japan, ushering in the conclusion of the Pacific part of World War II. Hiroshima and Nagasaki experienced such tremendous devastation that it was probably impossible, at that time, for people to envision any responsible use of nuclear energy. These feelings grew during the Cold War; the United States and the Soviet Union both increased their nuclear arsenals, hoping to prevent the other Super Power from using nuclear weapons against them. Other major nations developed their nuclear capabilities as well. This proliferation of weapons helped ensure that humanity would never again know a world without the threat of nuclear war. However, the proliferation of nuclear weapons may also have been substantially responsible for preventing another war on the scale of World War I or World War II. "
Tags: Chernobyl, Three-Mile, Island, pollution, radiation, environment
Abstract This research paper discusses the possibility of capitalizing on the wasted power of human locomotion by harvesting energy from it. The scientific principle behind energy harvesting devices is explained; with the use of piezoelectric materials, which can be crystals, ceramics, and polymers, an electrical potential is generated when mechanical force is applied. The author goes on to introduce some of these energy harvesting devices such as knee braces and wearable backpacks before discussing the pros and cons of each device. The paper concludes that although small human locomotion-powered generators are not yet ready for the mainstream with furthering advances in materials, design, and electronics we may all someday be generating power as we walk. This paper includes figures.
From the Paper "A third approach for mounting generators on people comes in the form of a wearable backpack. This device would use the constant up-and-down motion of a person walking to drive an electromagnetic generator. A weight inside the backpack is suspended on springs and oscillates with each step. This detail of operation reveals another benefit of a backpack-style generator: as the weight is suspended on springs it doesn't travel completely with the body as a fixed weight would. Instead the weight only travels a portion of the distance of the backpack, meaning that it is not necessary for the wearer to lift it as high as normal with each step."
Abstract The paper provides a qualitative review of literature relating to the Manhattan Project and how the atomic bomb was developed by the United States and used in World War II against Japan. The paper presents the thesis that the atomic bomb saved lives by ending a brutal war where the opponent, Japan, was unreasonable in its demands. The paper further posits that the success of the Manhattan Project is not only in ending World War II but also in acquiring many technological advances.
Outline:
Introduction
Background
Statement of Thesis
Purpose of Study
Methodology
Literature Review
Summary
Conclusion
From the Paper "The driving force behind use of the atomic weapon was a force that was similar to nuclear fission itself due to the complexity of the diverse commitment, energies, and effort focused into these endeavor. Universities were deeply involved in this endeavor and created an entire segmented program in which none of the program sectors were aware of the research of other program sectors. German scientists were well aware of this information and agreed to come to the United States and join research with the United States. As well, research was an effort characterized by cooperation and collaboration among universities and various research sectors among the Manhattan Project's efforts. The entire cognitive citizenry of the United States was aware that a new age of military warfare was soon to come and the United States was collectively in the majority willing to affirm that since it was to happen the United States must be the first to accomplish the atomic bomb."
Abstract This paper provides a background and overview of wind power. It examines how the technology of wind power has evolved over the years and what applications are currently in use. It also discusses some of the numerous benefits and advantages of wind power over its fossil-fuel counterparts. The paper then assesses wind power's potential to contribute to the nation's energy needs in the future.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Current Applications
Future Trends
Conclusion
From the Paper "In many ways, it is almost too good to be true. The research showed that wind power is a viable renewable energy source that does not contribute to global warming and has become increasingly cost competitive with traditional coal- and oil-powered electricity sources in recent years. The research also showed that the supporting technologies for wind power such as transmission capacities and battery storage capabilities continue to improve and experts currently predict that a greater percentage of the world's energy needs will be met by wind power in the 21st century. Given its numerous benefits and advantages over fossil-fuel counterparts and the growing energy crisis today, this is good news by any measure."
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that many people write all day and never consider the physics behind the act of placing words on paper. However, there is a whole world of how and why these sticks of wood and lead leave various types of marks on a formerly clean white page. The writer discusses that the structure, force, friction and angle of each pencil constructs the reasons why it writes the way it does. The writer maintains that the main component of why the pencil leaves marks is the energy behind it and energy which comes directly from the writer using that pencil. People also have their ways of holding their pencils, changing the angles and creating different styles of friction between the pencil and the paper. This leads to the conclusion that the individual carries much more responsibility in the act of writing than one would think.
From the Paper "The pencil represents the concept of a stationary mass until it is picked up and used by the writer. A normal pencil varies in length and diameter, but is mainly constructed using wood casings to hold a lead core which leaves marks on the paper being written on. Most lengths begin at around six inches, but can vary based on where and why the pencil was made. This length also shortens as the writer continuously sharpens the pencil and eats away at the wood casing in order to extract a sharper piece of lead core to write with. The diameter of the pencil varies, the general bulk of the wood casing is much larger and wider than the fine pencil tip. Most pencil's diameters are measured in millimeters and average to around 0.05 mm to 0.07 mm. However, the standard yellow pencil is 0.05mm."
Abstract This paper explains that humanity's ability to control its environment and the creatures within it gave it the chance to create civilization and culture; however, man's technological advances may be the cause of its downfall or apocalypse. To find support for this premise, the author reviews Philip K. Dick's novel, "Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?". The paper argues that AI (Artificial Intelligence), robotics, nanotechnology and nanomedicine may be the next step towards progress; however, the author concludes that the future is still blurry.
From the Paper "People have already started to create self-replicating programs used to wreak havoc on our computer networks called computer viruses. A computer virus is a program that can replicate itself from file to file, alter programs, and even steal information. The "Pakastani Brain" virus, discovered in 1986 is believed to be the first computer virus. Although computer viruses are fabricated, they do possess many of the criteria we use to classify living organisms: self-reproduction, information storage for reproduction, metabolism, functional interaction with its environment."
Abstract This paper discusses the need for an energy policy in the US that would encompass energy needs for both automotive and residential use.
The paper reveals that the United States,however, currently lacks a comprehensive long-term energy policy that will accommodate future needs. The paper specifically focuses on electrical demand in the United States which comes primarily from coal fired and nuclear plants with wind and solar and water energy providing a small percentage of the power the U.S. consumes.
From the Paper "As energy needs in the United States grow at an exponential rate our energy policy and infrastructure need to be reviewed and reformed to accommodate the future. We will face many challenges due to an increasing energy demand and an aging electrical generation infrastructure. The first energy policies in the United States focused on burning wood for heating, later coal, and finally petroleum. The United States currently lacks comprehensive long-term energy although three Energy Policy Acts have been passed, in 1992, 2005, and 2007. These acts include provisions for conservation, such as the Energy Star program and grants and tax incentives alternative energies but lack any outline for future growth in the energy sector. Much of today's regulation is on the state level."
Abstract This paper looks at how the the ozone, skin structure and sunburns affect complexion and pigmentation. A complex description of skin color based on the analysis of reflected light is presented in the paper. The writer warns that maps of geographical distribution of skin color should be interpreted with caution.
From the Paper "Sunburn ranges from mild discoloration to extreme blistering, depending on the time length and circumstances of exposure of UV light, and also the racial and individual characteristics of the person should be taken into consideration. The three basic responses are erythema, hyperplasia, and tanning. Erythema, the reddening of the skin, tends to appears a short time after a mild dose of erythemal sunlight and eventually fades away. The redden results from dilation of blood vessels in the dermis, which are reached by very little UV light."
Abstract The paper focuses on an experiment that measures the absorption rate of photosynthetic cells under two variation in the light properties: intensity and wavelength. The paper describes the methods used and explains the results that show the light conditions in which plants and other photosynthetic organisms would be most efficient in the production of photosynthesis. The paper also notes the limitations of this experiment and the options for future research.
From the Paper "Photosynthesis is the intricate process in certain organisms in which carbon dioxide and water is turned to oxygen and carbohydrates using the energy from sunlight. This sunlight is captured by photosystems within the chloroplast of the organism and supplies energy to drive the reaction. This experiment will measure the absorption rate of these photosynthetic cells under two variation in the light properties: intensity and wavelength. Eight different intensities and four different wavelengths will be systemically induced on cuvettes containing an artificial electron acceptor and chloroplast removed from spinach leaves. The absorbance levels will be recorded every 2 minutes for 16 minutes using a spectrophotometer and allow for photosynthetic rates to be calculated."
Abstract This paper is an attempt to show how Kant's ideas concerning practical and transcendental freedom of the will were a significant correction to the parallel theories of David Hume. The writer starts out by clarifying Hume's critique of free will, and how he arrives at the conclusion that the will is properly beyond analysis. For this reason Hume declares metaphysics to be impossible. The writer notes that Kant's task is to rescue metaphysics from this crisis. He does not deny that metaphysics is impossible, yet he sets out on the task of analyzing the will. The writer then discusses that Kant does not aim to provide metaphysics, but only to restore faith in the act of thinking. His explicit aim is for clarity in thinking. The essay goes on to outline the metaphysics of Kant in some detail and assesses how far it is successful in its aim.
From the Paper "After impact with the first ball the second could have taken any one of an infinite number of trajectories. But it takes only one, and indeed we expect it to take only that one. A physicist may come along and try to convince us that it could not have taken any other trajectory because the laws of motion stipulates that, with the initial conditions given, the path it takes is the only possible one. But this is not an answer to the observer of the billiard ball, because he doesn't care what the laws of physics are. If nature had followed another mathematical law then another outcome would have been just as valid. The observer could then have framed his conundrum differently: Of the infinite possible mathematical laws why just that one? There is nothing in the inner logic of the situation that dictates that the first ball should produce exactly the prescribed trajectory in the second."
Tags: reason, enlightenment, skepticism, duty, pure
Abstract The paper discusses why the U.S. felt it necessary to conduct nuclear testing and explains the types of nuclear tests, what the bomb does and its impact on humans. The paper reveals the extent of the testing, the growing awareness of it and the government cover-ups involved. The paper then describes the Nevada tests and reveals the human guinea pigs used and the long-term impact of these tests. The paper provides a discussion on modern concerns about radioactive fallout exposure but believes that information from people who are seeking compensation for injuries that they link to radioactive fallout exposure should be treated in a cautious manner. The paper does conclude, however, that one becomes inclined to agree with the downwinders' assertions that many scientists are willfully ignoring the overwhelming facts. The paper asserts that the government must realize that the willful poisoning of American citizens is untenable and those who are suffering because of this experimentation deserve compensation.
Outline:
Introduction
Necessity of the Testing
Types of Nuclear Tests
The First Nuclear Test
What the Bomb Does
The Bomb's Impact on Humans
Extent of the Testing
Growing Awareness
Government Cover-ups
Island Testing
The Nevada Tests
Human Guinea Pigs
Impact of the Tests
Long-ranging Impact
The Most Famous Victim
The End of Above-Ground Testing
Modern Concerns
Conclusion
From the Paper "Though modern people have concerns about atomic testing and the impact of radioactive fallout, ignorance about the atomic bomb and radiation meant that people who were exposed to such testing in the 1950s and 1960s were frequently unaware of the toxic and possibly fatal consequences of such radiation. On the contrary, rather than strive to avoid toxic fallout for bystanders, the government actually went out of its way to minimize the perception of risk. For example, in Las Vegas, businesses actually touted the nuclear testing as "a super fireworks spectacle for tourists." The government did not discourage this use, but instead allowed thousands of civilians and military personnel to fallout that it knew, or certainly suspected, would be hazardous if not lethal."
Abstract This paper examines how Albert Einstein redesigned modern physics and developed the currently controversial topic of nuclear proliferation, with the creation of the atomic bomb in 1945. It looks at how the outstretch of his impact went even further with his pacifist and Jewish beliefs, establishing connections with Israel and globally influencing the concept of God in scientific studies. The paper attempts to show Albert Einstein's meritorious career created a significant movement within the 20th century, but the roots of his legacy began in Germany in 1879.
From the Paper "The colorful facade of Einstein's personality faded as the glooming presence of Hitler and Germany emerged. Throughout Zionism and all of his pacifism, Einstein was completely against violence, war, or anything of the like. He did not believe that he could split the atom, much less want it to happen. In 1938, three chemists found that the splitting of a uranium atom yields nuclear fission, which expels an intense wave of energy--enough to power a bomb. The years 1940 and 1941 saw comprehensive listings of data that confirmed the reality of a bomb made by this technique. Physicist Leo Szilard urged Einstein to write a letter to President Roosevelt and assisted him in drafting it. The famous letter to Roosevelt produced the biggest impact of his career."
Abstract The paper discusses how the change from Aristotle's world view to Newton's ideas was slowed down by the religious backlash of the time and a lack of technology. The paper rhwn explains how the transition happened and relates that when the change occurred, it was perhaps the most dramatic shift in view that mankind has ever known. The paper points out that at the same time, every step along the way was logical and fit the standard scientific method almost perfectly.
From the Paper "The Aristotelian world view was unique when compared to previous views of the universe because "it furnished a complete physical description of the universe and the forces acting within the universe" (Hetherington 177). His cosmology was a coherent chain of thought that was "closely interwoven" (Hetherington 177) with his version of physics. While his view of the cosmos managed to maintain for around two millennia, it was purely philosophical and did not provide any quantitative basis on which to make predictions for various observed phenomena, such as the retrograde movement of planets. For this reason, Ptolemy's astronomical work must also be included in the discussion of the Aristotelian world view, despite its contradictions with Aristotle's claims."
Abstract The paper discusses how the field of radiology has expanded from being simply a diagnostics tool to becoming the forefront treatment for many serious diseases. The paper looks at the discovery of x-rays, the development of CT scans and the subsequent MRI. The paper describes the advancements in interventional radiology and relates that today's radiologists are actively involved in caregiving and are not limited to diagnosis.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
X-rays and Fluoroscopy
CT Scanners Ultrasound and MRI
Interventional Radiology
Conclusion
From the Paper "Radiology has evolved a long way since the discovery of x-rays by Wilhelm roentgen back in 1895. Today, the field of radiology is a comprehensive medical specialty which is not just limited to diagnostic imaging using x-rays, ultrasound, MRI, etc, but also constitutes interventional treatment methods such as angiography, angioplasty, radio frequency ablation, embolization etc. Particularly, in the treatment of vascular diseases and cancer, interventional radiology has become an effective and minimally invasive therapeutic approach. A brief history would help us get better insight into the timeline and the developments of new and important diagnostic and therapeutic tools in the field of radiology."
