Abstract This paper looks at the life of Lise Meitner who was born in Vienna on November 7, 1878. It looks at how, in order to become one of Germany's leading physicists, she overcame huge obstacles as a woman and as a Jew, and how she was the first to identify nuclear fission. It discusses how, even though she was denied the Nobel Prize and due recognition during her lifetime, Lise Meitner is now considered one of the most significant woman scientists of the century.
From the Paper "Lise Meitner was born in a liberal Viennese family. The Viennese system of education did not allow girls to enter high school. So from 1892 to 1901 she had to struggle a lot to get her education. The government opened high schools for girls in 1899. Lise's father hired a tutor to get her ready for university entrance when she was 21. In two years she completed 8 years' worth of schooling. Around 1905 she began studying radioactivity. She entered the University of Vienna in 1901 and received her doctorate in physics in 1907. She went to Germany to pursue further studies in physics; she stayed there for the next 31 years, adding a lot to German science."
This paper discusses Radio Frequency Identification Devices (RFID), an automated identification and data collection technology consisting of tags containing chips for storing data and an antenna for transmitting data through radio waves.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 91.95
Abstract This paper explains that RFID chips can be attached, often without notice, to all sorts of products, such as clothing and books, and can be use to monitor and control the supply chain in ways similar to the bar code, which the RFID is being developed to replace. The author points out that some examples of the consumer use of the RFID are in a library where the reader need only to walk in front of a shelf and can immediately see on a screen a list of all the books and their contents. For another example, parents in amusement parks can locate their children by putting a RFID on their children and then locating them on a special "kidspotter" map of the park. The paper stresses that, despite the clear advantages of RFID, there is a concern among privacy activists because RFID tags, so small that they can go undetected, can be embedded in any product or article of clothing and even under the skin of a person and then can be used to record information about their activities, tracking anyone with a tag on them.
Table of Contents
History
Beneficial Social Impact
Deleterious Social Impact or Potentially Dangerous Social Impact
Personal Privacy
Information Security
Analysis of Social Impact
Future Impact of the Technology
From the Paper "While in the 1980's RFID was primarily used for commercial applications, the 1990s saw RFID enter the consumer market. Toll systems throughout the US and Europe became widespread and started gaining major use. Toll systems were adopted by Kansas, Oklahoma, Georgia, Maine, and New York, Massachusetts, and quite a few other states. Standardization became a big issue with all these systems, leading to the Title 21 standard and the EZ-Pass Interagency Group, both of which were formed in an effort to provide consistent toll standards in different regions of the US. Payment and access systems were developed, such as the speedpass payment system used by Mobile gas stations, various skipass systems and gated community access setups. Automobile related RFID systems also were implemented in larger scale including remote entry and ignitions systems."
Abstract This paper provides an overview of the religious philosophies and teachings of Scholasticism and Humanism, followed by a discussion of the various permutations these have caused since their inception. It provides an analysis of how the scientific method emerged from this environment and a description of real-world applications of these principles in the classroom today. This is followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion. Several graphics are also provided.
Outline
Introduction
Review and Discussion
The History of Discovery
A. Physics
B. Astronomy
C. Chemistry
The Rise of Scientific Experimentation and Famous Experiments
A. Galileo
B. Newton
Methodology
Conclusion
From the Paper "Religious Philosophies and Teachings. Scholasticism is the philosophic and theological movement that attempted to use natural human reason, in particular, the philosophy and science of Aristotle, to understand the supernatural content of Christian revelation. It was dominant in the medieval Christian schools and universities of Europe from about the middle of the 11th century to about the middle of the 15th century. The ultimate ideal of the movement was to integrate into an ordered system both the natural wisdom of Greece and Rome and the religious wisdom of Christianity."
Abstract This paper looks at Gamow's book and how the storytelling format with which the author and mathematics instructor, George Gamow, approaches his subject and grabs the interest of the reader goes far beyond math, science, physics, and mere numbers placed in esoteric formulae.
From the Paper "Gamow did indeed "strive" during his life and career - and in One Two Three...Infinity - to "emphasize" the importance of science and technology. He also strove to In his original Preface, written in 1947 at the time the book was first published, Gamow acknowledges that he did not "attempt to tell the whole story" of modern science; he also shows his ability to understand and be modest when he writes (vi) that he has restricted himself to "a general account of physical facts and events in the world of planets, stars, and nebulae..." "
Abstract This paper attempts to demonstrate why the Scientific Revolution in the 16th and 17th centuries was not just simple evolution and how science, as we know it, did not really emerge until this period. It examines how, once underway, it dispelled commonly held principles based on simple observation by predecessors, such as Aristotle and Ptolemy and how, in doing so, managed to cling to tradition and religious beliefs.
From the Paper "The man who is most given credit for starting the Scientific Revolution is Nocolai Copernicus, a Polish astronomer. Copernicus' heliocentric theory published in 1543 in the book On the Revolutions of Celestial Bodies led to the downfall of the Ptolemaic system. Instead of the universe revolving around the earth the heliocentric theory created a model of the universe that placed the sun at the center with the earth rotating daily and revolving yearly around it. Another important feature of the heliocentric theory is that it allowed a new ordering of the planets according to their periods of revolution."
Abstract This paper explores the causes revolving around the exclusion of women from science, math, and technology educational programs and looks towards suggesting remedies.
From the Paper "For quite a number of years researchers have delved deep into the gender equity in science, engineering and technology educational programs. These studies have utilized for interalia raise the consciousness of gender discrimination; convey regarding policy decisions; as also as a drive to tackle instances of gender discrimination. At the moment there is paucity at the national level of computer scientist, engineers and programmers and its effect has fallen badly on USA. The Commission on the Advancement of Women and Minorities in Science, Engineering and Technology Development reports which indicate that in spite of the growth in science, mathematics, and technology jobs, the representation of women in both the jobs is less."
Abstract This paper explains that the need to understand the relationship between G-forces and human physiology is greater now than at any previous time in the history of powered flight, since the phenomenon of G-force-induced pilot incapacitation was initially identified by the very first generation of military combat pilots during the First World War.
From the Paper "Einstein demonstrated that linear acceleration and gravity are precisely equivalent forces. As a direct consequence of this principle, a 150-pound pilot with an eight-pound skull pulling 4 G's weighs (literally) 600 pounds and experiences his own head as weighing thirty-two pounds (Talleur, 2003). When one considers the importance of instantaneous 360-degree visibility, rapidly changing flight paths of multiple adversaries
in aerial combat maneuvers, and the necessity of quick hand and foot movements in the cockpit, the implications of G-force buildup are rather obvious. For the same reason,aircraft capable of producing high G-forces in departure from controlled flight have been equipped with explosive powered ejection seats, virtually since the dawn of the jet age
(Talleur, 2003)."
Abstract This paper examines looks at by James E Lovelock's Gaia hypothesis whose premise is that the entire planet evolves over time because of the interaction of living things with their surrounding environment. It describes the hypothesis in some detail and provides background information. This is followed by a discussion contrasting Lovelock's claims with those of his critics and proffers an approach toward reconciliation.
From the Paper "Earth's atmosphere is not in a state of chemical equilibrium. It is full of gases that have an affinity for each other. Oxygen, nitrogen, and methane exist in sizable quantities, and left to their own devices, would quickly interact to form a new atmosphere of inert gases, very much like Mars' atmosphere (Margulis and Lovelock, p. 13(2)). So the persistent presence of uncombined methane, nitrogen, and oxygen in the atmosphere is strong evidence that something is replenishing these gases as fast as they naturally interact."
Abstract This paper briefly describes the functions of the moon. It looks at the magnetic forces and fields and how these impact the solar system. It also discusses the history of the development of knowledge that scientists have about the moon.
From the Paper "The lunar crust is composed of a variety of primary elements, including uranium, thorium, potassium, oxygen, silicon, magnesium, iron, titanium, calcium, aluminum and hydrogen (Korotev, 2004). When bombarded by cosmic rays, each element bounces back into space its own radiation, in the form of gamma rays. Some elements, such as uranium, thorium and potassium, are radioactive and emit gamma rays on their own. However, regardless of what causes them, gamma rays for each element are all different from one another - each produces a unique spectral "signature", detectable by a spectrometer."
Examination of the validity of the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) prediction equation to estimate submaximal VO2 during cycle ergometry in cyclists and aerobically-trained non-cyclists.
Abstract This study examines the validity of the ACSM prediction equation for estimating oxygen consumption during submaximal cycling in aerobically trained males. The alternate hypothesis of this study is that the estimated vs. actual VO2 during submaximal cycle ergometry would be similar from 50-200 W. A secondary focus analyzes and compares the accuracy of the equation between two distinct groups of subjects (trained male cyclists vs. aerobically-trained male non-cyclists).
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper "The results of this study suggest that the ACSM cycle ergometry prediction equation is most accurate at moderate workloads (~100-150 W). Furthermore, training status has no effect on the predictive value of the equation. Further studies on the effects of training habitus should be fashioned to include a larger sample with greater distinction in training volume, i.e. cycle ~200 miles/week vs. sedentary. Based on the current sample size, subtle differences are very difficult to observe. However, this study provides a strong basis for the direction of future research in this area."
Abstract This paper explains that, as gear-manufacturing technology became more complex, it was more difficult to perform gear measurements with the degree of accuracy required; thus, precision in the field of gear-manufacturing began to suffer partly as a result of this declining precision. The author points out that the demands of total quality management systems, such as Six Sigma and ISO 9000, continue to raise the level of expectation to a defect-free manufacturing, which is being addressed by adding new multi-sensor units to coordinate measurement machines. The paper relates that coordinate measuring machines are not yet able to completely replace CNC generative gear testers, but demands from the automotive industry, new technologies and globalization are creating an environment where these machines will continue to improve in efficiency, precision and cost effectiveness.
Pictures.
Table of Contents
CMM Introduction
CMM History
The CMM Culture
Management Strategies
Advantages and Disadvantages
Conclusion
From the Paper "To understand how we got to where we are today, an understanding of CNC Generative Gear Testing Machines may help to clarify the improvements on Coordinate Measurement Machines. CNC generative gear testers are nothing more than computer controlled and fully automated machines that can used to carry out various analytic tests on manufactured gears. The true difference between coordinate measuring machines and the CNC Generative Gear Testing Machines is that the latter are specifically for testing gears. Of course, many in the industry feel that CNC generative gear testers are the most accurate way of measuring axis gears. Coordinate measuring machine offer different options. For instance, coordinate measuring machines have the ability to plot and record many more axis positions. Once recorded, these axis positions serve as the necessary data points to create either two or three dimensional models of a gear or part."
Abstract This paper examines the problem of nuclear wastes and how it presents a particular dilemma on various fronts including health and security issues. Nuclear energy and technology has become an endemic part of modern society. The paper points out that concomitant with the significant advances in the production of nuclear energy as well as its application to the areas of medicine and defense has been the escalation of the problems of nuclear waste disposal.
Includes several graphs and tables and diagrams.
1. Introduction
2. Classification of Types of Nuclear Waste
3. Sources of Nuclear Waste
3.2. Storage of Low Level Waste
3.3 Long-Term Storage of High Level Waste
3.4. The Storage of Plutonium
3.5. Transmutation
4. Conclusion
From the Paper "This debate emphasizes the dilemma and the importance of finding a permanent and less environmentally hazardous solution to the problems of nuclear waster. All of the methods discussed above provide some solutions to the problems - but they do not as yet present a permanent and fully acceptable means of waste disposal and many of the methods have significant drawbacks and are often manpower intensive and open to the vicissitudes of human error. The answer to what to do with nuclear waste has not yet been adequately answered."
Abstract The baseball is a game that has become a science to many. From the phenomena of a curve ball to the excitement of a home run physical science plays a factor. This paper explains that in baseball there is more to the game than what the ordinary fan sees, however, many scientists have spent time studying this extraordinary game. This paper looks at the physics behind hitting and pitching.
From the Paper "In order to be successful in the game of baseball, a baseball player has to apply the laws of physics. There is more to the game than what people see. "Baseball is like church, many attend but few understand" said Wes Westrum, who coached the San Francisco Giants in 1962. A position player has to position himself according to the wind, the speed of the pitch being thrown, the type of pitch being thrown, the placement of the pitch, and the speed of the batter's swing. While a pitcher takes into account the humidity and the way the wind is blowing to determine the best way to put the batter out. All players rely on their quick reflexes and hand eye coordination to play our nation's pastime. In this brief essay I will discuss how the laws of physics apply to the game of baseball."
Abstract This paper explains that imaging and optics technologies have provided a wide range of industries with the ability to label, track and prevent bad documentation to their products in a more efficient and economically sound business. The author points out that "automatic identification", the means of identifying a product mechanically and entering the data obtained automatically into a computer, includes bar codes, optical character recognition (OCR), magnetic ink character recognition (MICR), magnetic stripes and voice systems. The paper relates that a problem with voice recognition applications is that it can be affected by environmental factors such as background noise; however, this technology has been the focus of considerable efforts on the part of the telecommunications industry and the U.S. government's intelligence community, which continue to work on improving reliability. illustrations
Table of Contents
Purpose
Thesis
Audience
Introduction
Overview and Background
Introduction to Topic
Why Imaging and Optics are Important
What Imaging and Optics has done for Different Industries
Imaging and Optics Technology
Automatic Identification and Data Capture
Character Recognition
Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
Optical Mark Recognition
Current Technology
Bar Codes
RFID
Card Technologies
Non-Mainstream of Imaging and Optics
Introduction
Overview
Why these Technologies are not yet Mainstream
Emerging Biometric Technologies: Three Common Ways of Identifying an Individual
Voice Recognition
Recognition Types and Modes
Problems with Voice Recognition
Fingerprint
Pattern Extraction/Pattern Matching
Iris Code
Advantages/Disadvantages
Conclusion
From the Paper "By the beginning of the 1980s, various optical character recognition (OCR) technologies became available that made it possible to convert text to electronic form without the need for manual keyboarding. The scanner's ability to translate typewriter characters into bit-mapped image into ASCII text depends on a number of factors, including the sensitivity of the device itself and the legibility and method of preparation of the original document; however, improvements are being made all of the time and even formerly graphic-based scanning systems such as Adobe's notoriously slow PDF applications have incorporated character recognition systems that allow for textual scanning. Some of these character recognition systems incorporate features that provide output options to convert the text into a format used by common word-processing programs such as RTF, Word and so forth. According to Dry and Lawler, the term "scanning" is frequently used today to describe the process of creating digitized images; in this approach, a graphic picture of the page, rather than an actual transcription of the text itself, is stored in the computer."
Abstract This paper covers Hubble's time and place in his scientific era, a compact biography and a brief explanation of his scientific achievements. It looks at how he discovered that there are more galaxies than just the Milky Way and how he tackled two of the most fundamental questions about the universe, its age and size.
From the Paper "Born in 1889, Edwin Hubble grew to be a very "large mass of ego," as author Bill Bryson states in A Short History of Nearly Everything (2003) (114). He was born in a small Missouri town on the edge of the Ozarks and grew up in Wheaton, Illinois; on the outskirts of Chicago. His father was a successful insurance executive, so life was always calm and Hubble abiding. Accordingly, Hubble was remarked to be a tough and poised athlete, charismatic, chic, and immensely good-looking-"handsome almost to a fault," in the words of William H. Cropper; as well as "an Adonis" in the words of another admirer (115). These fated gifts were used more or less in constant acts of valor-rescuing drowning swimmers, leading frightened men to safety across the battlefields of France, embarrassing world-champion boxers with knockdown punches in exhibition bouts."
