Abstract This essay will briefly examine what kind of man Leeuwenhoek was and his great contribution to science in his ability to build microscopes with the power to magnify objects over 200 times and his observation of natural phenomenon with these microscopes.
Abstract This paper examines and analyzes why the scientific work of Sir Isaac Newton during the Age of the Enlightenment had implications for humanity far beyond science. Sources such as the book, "In Quest of The Universe" by Karl F. Kuhn are used to support the theme of the paper.
Abstract This paper explains Galileo's profound contribution and decisive arguments to those who legitimately sought to discredit the Ptolemaic theory.
Abstract Long thought of as a simple conjuring trick, an optical illusion, or something only deep meditation could bring about, levitation is now gaining validation and respect as a legitimate scientific event. Researchers in the field of levitation are now discovering that levitation is brought about by certain magnetic forces which are focused through the use of a human conduit or "antenna." This paper looks at techniques for achieving levitation and the scientific principles behind the phenomenon.
Abstract This paper will discuss inductive reasoning and will establish a connection between science and how that relates to this way of testing within the field. By discovering the reasoning in this style, we can see how it may be a problem for science, as the definition of inductive reasoning clearly states that something must be studied from small to large, when we have not the faintest clue what is the smallest element of matter in the universe. An argument can be made for its invalidity when discussing this form of reasoning for its seemingly inconsistent basis.
Abstract This paper will discuss the book "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" by Thomas Kuhn and explain what he means by "paradigm shift" within the realm of interpretation of revolutions that occur in science-specifically- the Copernican Revolution. By examining how the relationships of the perceiver of the revolution helps to transform the revolution, we can see how this idea pertains to the way that ideas are influenced not only from the inventor or creator of the revolution itself, but in the efforts of others that support it.
Abstract This ten-page undergraduate paper discusses how Einstein and contemporary physicists reconcile faith and science. They only do this for themselves; theologians are the ones who are forced to do the reconciliation.
Abstract This paper primarily takes a look at how astronomy has been revolutionized by Einstein's relativity theory. It discusses the different methods of space travel and celestial observations and looks at the three basic parts of Einstein's relativity: time dilation, relativity of mass, and length contraction, as well as dealing with the implications these ideas have had on the macroworld, namely astronomy, and the microworld, often on the submolecular level.
From the Paper "Special relativity, which is described first here, is more applicable to microscopic physics and situations that involve inertial frames of reference. Inertial frames of reference are scenarios where on object remains at rest in one frame and another object in a different frame moves at a constant velocity with respect to the first object. The three major tenets of Einstein's special relativity are time dilation, relativity of mass, and length contraction. The equations that sprung from the concepts Einstein discussed in these three topics bridged Newtonian physics, or more accurately, refined it to the modern physics that is used today. However, because the physical concepts that Newton developed are applicable in most "everyday" situations, it is still widely used in most areas of science."
Abstract This paper describes dark energy, or anti-gravity, and debates theories of universe expansion, touching on Einstein's theory of relativity and cosmological constant. It also talks about the equation of state of the universe and its impact on universe expansion or contraction. It looks at how there are many theories about dark energy from the quintessence theory and the topological defect theory to the cosmological constant theory. It explains that, by analyzing the equation of state of this energy and evaluating current theories, scientists can construe a plausible theory for the fate of the universe.
From the Paper "Physicists started negotiating and theorizing about the possibility of a dark energy around the turn of the century. One generally un-disproved theory from that time is that which relates the equation of state to the "cosmological constant". The cosmological constant (often called lambda) was proposed by Einstein in 1917 to make the universe unchanging in his equations (5). He was generally unsure of this idea, and rejected this theory shortly after it was determined that the universe is perpetually growing. However, his idea of a cosmological constant is currently applied to the universe in a slightly different way, setting the equation of state constant (5)(4). The current theories of dark energy date back to 1998 when supernovae were discovered to be dimmer than expected."
Abstract This paper discusses that the major concern is that the electromagnetic waves, or the EM, ultimately may cause cancer. The author points out that the energy generated from mobile phones is called non-ionizing because they are said to have photon energy to remove atoms from living tissues, which may cause a lot of serious biological problems. The paper concludes that various studies conducted to evaluate this situation state that there is no real connection between the usage of cell phones and the cause of cancer.
From the Paper "The non-ionization of molecules has been always associated with the biological affects of X-rays. When the frequency is lower, such as that of visible light, the RF and the MW is very low to be able to disorder chemical bonds. This electromagnetic spectrum is called as non-ionizing. Since this non-ionizing electromagnetic energy cannot break chemical bonds there is no relation between these and the non-ionizing electromagnetic rays. But it is true that this non-ionizing electromagnetic energy can cause certain biological effects and the biological effects of these soft UV, visible and IR frequencies all rely on the photon energy that is emitted. But most of these consist of electronic excitation rather than ionization and most of these also do not occur at a frequency less than 3*10^11 Hz in terms of IR. These RF and MW radiations can cause heating in tissues in which they are in direct contact. It is the frequency of the source that determines the amount and the direction of the object being heated. The AM radio uses a frequency which is much below, 10^6 Hz, here the energy level is very low, and hence cannot cause any sort of damage to the human body or to animals."
Abstract While the debate over fossil fuels and global warming continues, scientists are continuing their research into more efficient methods of providing a wide variety of applications, some of which are still being discovered. This paper provides a review and discussion concerning the current status of superconductivity, its existing applications and trends, and trends for the future. This paper includes two relevant graphics.
From the Paper "Superconductivity consists of the complete disappearance of electrical resistance in various solids when they are cooled below a characteristic temperature. This temperature is called the transition temperature and it varies for different materials but it is generally cited at being below 20 K (-253? C). The phenomenon of superconductivity was first discovered in mercury by the Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes in 1911. However, similar behavior has been identified in approximately 25 other chemical elements (including lead and tin) and in thousands of alloys and chemical compounds. Oher materials that have been studied to within fractions of a degree of absolute zero have consistently demonstrated normal resistance to the flow of electric currents. The use of superconductors in magnets is constrained by the fact that strong magnetic fields above a certain critical value, depending upon the material, cause a superconductor to revert to its normal, or nonsuperconducting, state, even though the material is kept well below the transition temperature (Superconductivity, 2003)."
