Abstract It presents historical examples such as Einstein and Darwin. It also explores current paradigmshifts relating to cloning, genetically modified organisms (GMOs), and stem cell research.
Abstract This paper examines the theory of paradigmshifts developed by Thomas S Kuhn in "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions". It then applies the concept outside the sciences.
Abstract This paper will discuss the book "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" by Thomas Kuhn and explain what he means by "paradigmshift" within the realm of interpretation of revolutions that occur in science-specifically- the Copernican Revolution. By examining how the relationships of the perceiver of the revolution helps to transform the revolution, we can see how this idea pertains to the way that ideas are influenced not only from the inventor or creator of the revolution itself, but in the efforts of others that support it.
Abstract This paper explains that the paradigm is visualized as a structure for perceiving reality, which has been observed to shift over time in consequence with the variations in societal values or new scientific information but often have no strong basis for this variation. The author points out that the contemporary analysis of paradigms began with the publication of "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" by Thomas Kuhn in 1962 and was extended to other spheres through the books and videos of Joel Barker. The paper relates that the "nurture of capital" is considered to be an illustration of the paradigmshift, which has strived to reformulate many businesses from a structure of domination to the modus operandi of cooperation.
From the Paper "The contemporary analysis of paradigms thus initiated with publication of the book "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" by Thomas Kuhn in 1962 and extended to other spheres through the books and videos of Joel Barker. The present day organizations have demonstrated a revolutionary change since 1960s. Varied factors impelled such variations. Growing telecommunications, increasing diversity of workers, their perspectives and expectations has resulted in varied values. The public become more conscious to necessitate the organization to become more responsible socially. Such elements have necessitated adoption of new paradigm so as to become more sensitive, flexible and compatible to the requirement and expectations of the demands of the stakeholders. Most of the organizations felt it essential to abandon the traditional top-down, rigid and hierarchical structures to become more organic and fluid forms. The managers felt is essential presently to address the requirements of the continual, rapid variations."
Abstract This essay examines the implications of globalization for feminism, including the "paradigmshift" that some scholars perceive feminism is undergoing in response to globalization. It also considers the kinds of issues to which feminist analysis is being challenged to pay attention. The writer notes that globalization has imposed new pressures on feminism, and feminism has responded by generating new types of feminism and new paradigms. The writer concludes with the hope that it is possible to construct a transnational feminism that is at the same time not hegemonic, one that respectfully incorporates and listens to the various discourses, yet somehow manages to build enough common ground to enable global feminists to work cohesively together.
From the Paper "In like vein, Seyla Benhabib proposes building solidaristic communities in which we can acknowledge each other's diverse and multiple identities, while at the same time we can listen respectfully to each other, acknowledging the many strands that comprise our identities. In this way, there is hope of building up a respectful form of global feminist solidarity that can work to counter the most destructive forces of globalization. For example, there could be a site for a global community of feminists that oppose the depredations of the planet currently being unleashed by transnational corporations.
"Clearly, this new way of looking at feminism may be seen as a substantial paradigm shift."
Abstract This paper argues that the successful integration of information technology into the curriculum requires a paradigmshift from the teachers perspective, together with their acquisition of the technical skills required to use Information and Communication Technology (ICT). The paper contends that a good support system from the school is necessary in order to create a contextually relevant environment that will make teachers more receptive to using new technologies and that will encourage learning from students.
From the Paper "There is no question that the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools has a significant effect on student performance. Numerous studies have been conducted to correlate the effect of ICT use to the performance of students. According to a research based on the effect of technology in schools, "[e]ducational technology has demonstrated a significant positive effect on achievement... for all major subject areas, in pre-school through higher education and for regular education and special needs student"' (SIIA, 2000). However, there are also studies, which indicate that despite the growing data supporting the benefits of ICT in the classroom, these technologies have only been marginally used mainly because teachers are apprehensive in using them (Robertson, et.al. 2004). As a result, ICT and its capability in improving student performance have been marginal as well. How then, should these new technologies be implemented by teachers in order to successfully integrate them into the curriculum?"
Applies research into understanding changes in the chemistry and neurological pathways of the brain during motor and cognitive processes to the field of education.
Abstract This paper reviews literature that indicates that, particularly during the past five years, scientists have gained new insights into how the human brain works and what specific changes take place in the brain because of various motor and cognitive processes. The paper reports that these discoveries hold enormous promise for helping educators formulate improved methods of delivering educational services. The paper clarifies, however, that much research is needed still because the human brain is so enormously complex and every individual is unique. Despite these constraints, the writer believes that a fundamental paradigmshift in education will take place because truly individual educational approaches will be based on how different people learn at the molecular level.
Table of Contents:
Review and Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper "These cost-effective techniques in educational services delivery have assumed new importance and relevance in recent years as American schools continue to struggle to meet the needs of an increasingly diverse student population. Therefore, identifying how young people learn by mapping the corresponding regions of the brain may provide better ways of teaching the approximately 80 percent of students who are not linear learners."
Abstract This research project examines strategies used by shift workers in aviation maintenance to cope with the fatigue and sleep disturbances suffered as a result of interrupted sleeping patterns. A connection is drawn between accidents, injuries and even airplane malfunctions and sleep disturbances in shift workers.
From the Paper "Approximately 20 percent of the American workforce - some 20 illion workers - work nonstandard hours (Liskowsky, 1992). Shift work may take the form of evening or night work, rotating shifts, irregular shifts, split shifts, or extended-duty hours. The U.S. Office of Technology has asserted that shift work has the potential to disrupt the body's biological rhythms or changes in various physiological and behavioral functions that repeat at regular intervals ranging from minutes to months."
Abstract This paper examines the effects of shift work on staff personnel at a USMC (Marine Expeditionary Force) Command Center in Japan. It looks at the critical functions of the command center, the problem of lack of sleep for staff assigned to command center duty and proposes an action plan to alter the work schedule.
An examination and discussion of different theories proposed to explain clairvoyance, precognition, psychokinesis and other psi phenomena including electromagnetic radiation and quantum theory.
Abstract The strengths and weakness of various theories including extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic radiation waves and quantum theory as it applies to psi are discussed. Also examined are the problems of scientific paradigmshifts and the possibility that the statistical evidence for psi activity is an "anomaly" in our current paradigm and a precursor to a paradigmshift.
From the Paper "Parapsychology occupies a unique position within the scientific realm. The results of the field are often considered invalid, fraudulent, or insignificant. Psi is often thought to be inconsistent with the current knowledge of physics. Despite the large body of statistical evidence for anomalous cognition, psi will not be widely accepted until a solid, testable physical theory is developed. Although the uncertainties and seemingly illogical consequences of quantum theory seem promising for the development of this sort of theory, as yet none exists."
Tags: elf, occult, paradigm, parapsychology, psychic, quantum, statistics, testing, theory
Abstract This paper reviews Thomas Kuhn's book about scientific advances entitled "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions." The paper focuses on several key elements and definitions in the work, with an emphasis on the concept of the scientific paradigm. The reviewer then discusses the role of paradigms in scientific revolutions, citing Kuhn's theory that revolutions appear when an old paradigm is substituted by a new one. Finally, the paper presents Kuhn's view of the past, present, evolution and future of science. The reviewer further describes Kuhn's view of the importance of crises in facilitating the evolution of science. The review concludes that Kuhn 's theory of paradigm and paradigmshifts gives a revolutionary description of scientific progress.
Outline:
Thomas Kuhn's Concept of Paradigm The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
The Past, Present, Evolution and Future of Science
Reference List
From the Paper " First of all, Kuhn (1996) introduces the notion of "normal science", that is, according to him, the science that bases its research on previous research which is recognized as valid by a scientific community. (p.10) It is the structure of normal science that the book proposes to investigate. Furthermore, Kuhn (1996) argues that the most salient aspect of scientific evolution in time is the fact that science does not progress through leaps or through unrelated sets of investigations. On the contrary, scientific research is always conducted under a paradigm, or, to put it differently, all research is based on previous scientific data. The scientific paradigm can be defined as a certain common pattern in scientific research, or a certain set of accepted world views that are held as true for a period of time. The paradigm is thus a set of common beliefs about the world, based on past research. "
Abstract In an article entitled "The Consent Paradigm: Tribal Sovereignty at the Millennium," published in the Columbia Law Review, author Scott Gould (1996) asserts that federal Indian law has changed to the extent that presently, the nature of tribal power has been transformed from "land-based sovereignty" to "sovereignty based upon consent". The author outlines the Supreme Court's ruling in Montana vs. United States,concerning the authority of the Crow Tribe to regulate hunting and fishing by non-Indians on lands within the Tribe's reservation that were owned in fee simple by non-Indians. This is the benchmark case concerning tribal civil authority over nonmembers. This case was used in the application of another case, Strate, involving an automobile accident between an employee of A-1 Contractors -- a non-Indian owned company with its principal place of business outside the reservation, who was under contract to a wholly-owned corporation owned by the Tribes -- and a non-member, non-Indian (Fredericks), who was the widow of a deceased member of the Tribes. The court's application of the Consent Paradigm to the Strate case provides evidence that it was determined to justify the doctrine on a case-by-case basis.
From the Paper "Petitioners argued that the "exhaustion rule," as stated in National Farmers and reiterated in Iowa Mutual, justified the requirement of exhaustion of tribal remedies before allowing federal court challenges to tribal court jurisdiction on prudential considerations because "[c]ivil jurisdiction over such activities [of non-Indians] presumptively lies in the tribal courts unless affirmatively limited by a treaty provision or federal statute." (Iowa Mutual, 480 U.S. at 18.) The Strate Court, however, found this presumption to be reversed, and basing its holding on Montana, relied on an absence of congressional direction enlarging tribal court jurisdiction."
Abstract This paper explores the paradigmshift that needs to occur in order to shift public perception from one method of thought to another in respect to scientific theory.
This paper discusses the concept called lean manufacturing, a manufacturing process that uses less of every resource, including material, time, and energy.
Abstract This paper explains that lean manufacturing is a paradigmshift requiring that the organization be structured around the customer pull-value. The author points out that, since the early 1980s, manufacturers have moved away from the conventional Fordist push system of mass assembly line production toward a system of lean production. The paper relates that lean manufacturing is a more capable system of production than Fordism because lean manufacturing stresses quality and a quick reaction to market circumstances, using technologically advanced tools and an adaptable organization of the production process.
From the Paper "Implementation of lean manufacturing consumes lots of time and it makes use of the concepts of effective plant layout, workplace organization, standardized work, customer demand-based manufacturing, quick changeover, one-piece flow, cellular manufacturing, batch reduction, teams, visual controls, quality at the source, point-of-use storage. Lean manufacturing also employs the contemporary essentials and technologies of scrap cutback, process enhancement in machining and tool selection over and above material selection, setting time reduction, Just-In-Time, Kaizan, top-notch manufacturing, synchronous manufacturing, and inventory management."
Abstract Throughout the course of history, science has deeply influenced other aspects of culture. Revolutions in scientific research parallel new world views. Most importantly, new physical understandings of nature necessitate novel forms of expression in everyday society. In the early twentieth century, Sigmund Freud and Albert Einstein revolutionized society's notion of reality by sending shockwaves into many non-scientific fields. The paper shows that, in turn, this directly impacted commonly held world views. In 1925, Virginia Woolf published "Mrs. Dalloway", a novel which incorporates both Freud's and Einstein's new theories of reality in its stream of consciousness presentation.
From the Paper "Einstein's notion that measurements of time, space, and mass are relative to the individual observer's space-time reference frame lead to society's conclusion of the relativity of truth. In Woolf's time, everything became relative due to the impact of Einstein's theory of relativity. As a consequence, the characters in Mrs. Dalloway present reality through their own subconscious interpretations as what is true for one observer will not always be true for another observer in a separate frame of reference. This device of multiple perspectives in Woolf's writing corresponds to the postulate in relativity that space and time measurements for one observer will not be the same as for another moving in relation to the first."
