Abstract This paper explains that PanArabism is an ideology encompassing Arab regional unity in the Middle East, which has risen and declined over the past several decades. The author points out that the modern version of Pan-Arabism was first promoted by Amir Hussein, who sought independence from the Ottoman Empire and the establishment of a state of Arabia. The paper stresses that PanArabism didn't really emerge as a regional force until after the Second World War, when the Baath Party was founded in Syria.
From the Paper "Pan Arabism is an ideology encompassing Arab regional unity in the Middle East, and has risen and declined over the past several decades. The modern version of Pan-Arabism was first promoted by Amir Hussein, "who sought independence from the Ottoman Empire and the establishment of a state of Arabia." But Pan Arabism didn't really emerge as a regional force until after the Second World War, when the Baath Party was founded in Syria. The emerging Baath Party government in Damascus sought to unite all Arabs in the Middle East through secular appeal and featured socialist and fascist policies."
History in 20th Century efforts to unify Arab states and peoples for political, economic and military purposes, obstacles, common bonds, leadership (Nasser, Hussein), the Arab League and the Baath Party.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 4 sources, 1999, $ 111.95
Abstract The idea of pan-Arabism or a political and cultural identity that includes all the Arab-speaking states has grown in strength throughout the second half of the 20th century
From the Paper "The idea of pan-Arabism or a political and cultural identity that includes all the Arab-speaking states has grown in strength throughout the second half of the 20th century. However, this growth has not been perfectly steady or continuous. Some countries have favored the idea more than others, and favored it more or less at different times depending on their own internal needs as well as larger regional and international political circumstances.
There are a number of ironies and self-contradictions involved in ideas of pan-Arabism, some of which shall be explored later on in this paper. However, the most striking one should be noted initially. While it is true that many countries in the Middle East (as well as in other regions of the world) are united by their population's use of the Arab language, the ..."
Abstract The paper discusses how PanArabism and Islam have traditionally been more important than state-based nationalism. The paper traces the development of both Islamisation and Arabisation and explains why it is unlikely that state-based nationalism will supersede Islam as a more important influence in the Middle East, particularly in countries with a large Muslim community.
From the Paper "Islamisation and Arabisation developed together. But, not all states that undertook Islamisation were Arabised. Although they developed at the same time, the two did not originate together. Islamism's common tie is the shared religion of its followers and while Pan Arabism originated similarly, its common ties were different. Its common ties were language, culture and a shared history.
"Islamisation was the spread of the Islamic religion in the Middle East, the religion incorporates all aspects of society into its beliefs and therefore it can be independent from outside influences in law, politics and the role of the state.
"Arabism is the nationalist movement which sought to create a unified Middle East, it used history as a basis for its goals, but was relatively more unsuccessful than Islam."
Abstract The paper discusses the essential features of Nasser's rule along with the primary events that shaped and exemplified his pivotal place in the history of the twentieth century Arab world. The paper briefly highlights the essential tenets of Arab nationalism and goes on to show how, although Nasser attempted to instill widespread nationalist unity in the Arab world, he nonetheless ultimately failed to fully bring about his PanArab ideals. The paper believes that the Arab world's strong national basis for its identity caused the failure of the Arab nationalist movement.
From the Paper "Gamel Abdel Nasser arguably played a greater part in the development of Arab nationalism than any of his contemporises. Indeed, for many years he embodied the central premises of the nationalist ideology and in many respects represented its figurehead in the Arab world. The roots of Arab nationalism can be found in the early years of the twentieth century and therefore Nasser did not play a role in the movements' beginnings. However, during his tenure as President of Egypt from 1956 to 1970 he did more than anyone to foster and propel the vision of an Arab world united in ideology and spirit."
Abstract Examines causes of Arab nationalism. Early Arab revolts against the Ottomans; the Wahhabi revolt & others. Roots of Arab nationalism; Asabiyya. Ottomanism & self-determination. Muslim nationalism. "Young Turk" movement. Arab reaction to World War I. Allied policy. British alliance with Hussein. "Lawrence of Arabia." Pan-Arabism. Balfour Declaration. Treaties. Creation of the Middle East.
From the Paper "THE ARAB TRIBAL REVOLT OF WORLD WAR I AND ITS RESULT
Introduction
Few topics of study have generated as much heat as Arab nationalism. Few peoples are as poorly understood as today's Arabs. Even deciding who is an Arab or defining what is meant by Arab nationalism can easily get scholars and students into trouble, with both the Arabs and their detractors. Arab feeling is strong, and it is likely to grow stronger in the years ahead. It is also sometimes bitter, due to some of the unhappy experiences of the Arabs in the early twentieth century (Coury, 1998, 24).
The Arabs have not been united since the era of the High Caliphate, if indeed then. Furthermore, they have not ruled themselves from the time the Turks came into the region until quite ..."
Abstract This paper discusses Pan-Africanism, a movement based on the 19th century desire to end slavery not only in the United States but also in South American and the Caribbean. It was from this era that Black people throughout the world decided that the way to address many of the issues they experienced as a race was to work together as a team. The paper describes the international meetings held to discuss this issue and also highlights the leadership of the Pan-African movement. The author concludes that the Pan-Africanism movement was and still is a positive team-oriented effort to introduce the African-American culture to the world and to share the common bond among people worldwide who share an African ancestral background.
Outline:
Introduction
In a Nutshell
Harlem Renaissance
The Arts
Conclusion
From the Paper "When one studies the topic of Pan-Africanism one is not studying a single element in history but instead is studying a wide range of events and cultural preferences that go along with African American history and culture. Experts agree that there is not a single definition for the term Pan-Africanism but the term itself does define it as an independent idea. The concept of Pan-Africanism is based in the 19th century desire to end slavery. At that time slavery was not only an issue in the United States but was also an issue in several other nations including South American and the Caribbean(Definition of Pan-Africanism? http://geography.about.com/b/a/012445.htm). It was from this era that Black people throughout the world decided that the way to solve many of the problems that the race was experiencing was work together as a team."
Abstract This study explores elementary Arabic heritage students' use of English as a first language (L1) to learn Arabic as a second language (L2). Far from being restricted to "good language learners" or certain corners of academia, L2 acquisition and learning occurs in a wide variety of settings. The literature review is divided into three major parts. The first part is a concise history of Arab immigration to the United States. The second part is a short description of the Arabic language, its origins and characteristics. The third section of the literature review explores previous studies and research of the manner in which L1 supports the learning and acquisition of L2.
The basic hypothesis that is tested is as follows: If the students retrogress as they use their first language to learn the second one, it is clear that there is interference in the long run. However, if the students show overall progress in the long run as they use the first language to learn the second one, there is no significant interference. The results of the study predict that students will show overall progress as they use the first language to learn the second one. Finally, the study results have significant implications for future research in languages and teaching methods.
Abstract
Introduction
Literature Review
Part I. Historical Background Surrounding the Arab Immigration
Part II. The Arabic Language
Arabic Language and Identity
Part III. Use of a First Language (L1) to Support the Learning and Acquisition of a Second Language (L2)
Brief Historical Background
Second Language Learners
Mismatch Hypothesis
The Natural Order Hypothesis
The Input Hypothesis
Environmentalist Theory
The Threshold Theory
Underlying Proficiency Hypothesis
Analysis of Literature Review
Arguments against L1 & L2 Learning
Significance of the Study
Data Collection
Study Participants
Methodologies
Procedure
Scheduling
Presentation of Analysis of Results and General Summary of Findings
Interview Analysis
Importance of the Study Results
Conclusion
From the Paper "Finally, there remain as many questions as answers, such as whether English will ultimately take over advanced education, as well as serving for international communication. Additionally, will the status of Arabic change, will its official role be implemented, and will the Arabic minority maintain their language? It remains to be seen whether language policy and planning are able to effect such a complex situation, whether language decisions can have effects on the social and political context, or whether they are in fact driven completely by external political and economic forces (Spolsky & Shohamy, 1997). We know that the linguistic repertoire of a country is a reflection of a myriad of political, demographic, cultural, religious and economic factors (Spolsky & Shohamy, 1997).
A review of the related research and proposed study reveals that unraveling the sociocultural and political influences on the second language learner is no small task. In addition, there is tremendous variation in the contexts within which both individuals and groups acquire a second language ("The Diversity Kit," 2002). Educators face the challenge of understanding those contexts, what motivates individuals, the relationship between first and second languages, and the academic environment, as well as the different demands placed on the second language learner in a classroom setting ("The Diversity Kit," 2002). Some researchers have posited that teachers understanding of the second language acquisition process will guide their instructional strategies toward ways to accommodate second language learners in their various developmental sequences. "
Abstract This research paper examines the attitudes of Arab-American students since September 11, 2001. The paper looks at the backgkround of Americans who come from Arab and Muslim countries. The paper also studies the status of Arab Americans before and after the 2001 terrorist attack on the U.S. The paper concludes with an examination of the effect of U.S. foreign policy on Arab-American students. The paper includes results of interviews with Arab American college students.
From the Paper "The terrorist attack which took place in the United States on September was responsible for the development of new and negative attitudes toward Arabs and Muslims in the United States. However Susan M. Akram states..."
Tags:Arab-Americans, September 11, 2001, democracy, discrimination
Abstract This paper explains that the image the West has of the Arab world has always been formed to a certain extent by misperception and misunderstanding. The author points out that religious, cultural and political tensions, which have ebbed and flowed over the centuries between the West and the Arab world ,have been due to real grievances on both sides. The paper states that much of the mutual enmity between these two civilizations has arisen because Arabs and Westerners simply don't understand one another very well.
From the Paper "The image the West has of the Arab world has always been formed to a certain extent by misperception and misunderstanding. The religious, cultural, and political tensions which have ebbed and flowed over the centuries between the West and the Arab world have been due to real grievances on both sides, but much of the mutual enmity between these two civilizations has arisen because Arabs and Westerners simply don't understand one another very well. September 11, 2001 was a defining moment, for the West reacted dramatically to the al Qaeda terrorist attacks on New York City and Washington D.C. The negative image many Westerners already had of the Arab world was reinforced by the carnage unleashed on America that autumn morning."
Abstract This paper presents an understanding of how the Arabic qualities of Islam helped it spread so quickly and successfully. The writer details for the reader the Arabic connection to the faith of Islam and the ways that connection assisted in the growth of the faith itself. It studies the September 11th attack on the World Trade Center and discusses its possible causes.
From the Paper "Following the attack on America on September 11, 2001 members of the Islam faith suffered worldwide backlash when it came to light that the terrorists claimed to be Muslim. Since that day Islam leaders have worked diligently to remind the world that true followers of Islam could never do what the terrorists did and that Islam is a kind and gentle faith. Islam is a worldwide faith that has grown quickly in many nations. Part of the success in growth that Islam has enjoyed can be directly attributed to the Arabic qualities of the faith."
Tags: Islam, Arabic, faith, Muslim, religion, terrorists, attack, America
Abstract The Arabs in Israel belong to the larger Palestinian/Arab community, but instrumentally, they belong to Israel as their state of citizenship where they must have their daily needs met. While they enjoy a range of rights, they do not have equal rights with Jews since Israel is a state of the Jewish people. Discrimination against the Palestinian citizens has been reconciled with Israeli democracy on the basis that the Palestinians are a potential threat to the security of the state.
Abstract This paper explores the emergence of the Arab people after Islam and Mohammed. The paper begins by looking at historical tensions in the region and the structure of the new Arabic Empire. The paper also discusses religion and rivalries in the region.
From the Paper "Albert Hourani traces the emergence of the Arab people to the religious movement initiated by the Prophet Mohammed beginning in the early seventh century and located on the margins of the Byzantine and Sasanian empires..."
Abstract This paper analyzes the Arab immigration into Michigan during the 20th century. It includes a detailed description of Arab immigration in the Detroit and Dearborn areas. The author also discusses changing views of ethnic identity and assimilation.
From the Paper "The history of Arab immigration in Michigan particularly the Dearborn and Detroit areas illustrates similar challenges and experiences as those faced by other waves of immigrants in United States History ..."
Abstract A discussion about how words are stored in memory and retrieved. The author discusses how the mental lexical is organized focusing on the priming paradigm method, which entails looking for stimuli that facilitate word retrieval. This is a review of the relevant literature including a proposition of alternative instruments to be used as well as a pilot experiment using the proposed instrument. Main focus is on Arabic speakers.
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. The Present Paper
4. Metodology
4.a. Stimuli and Design
4.b. Participants and Procedure
5. Results and Discussion
From the Paper "How is our mental lexicon organized?" Is this an abstract theoretical question that belongs solely to the domain of linguistics? In my opinion it does not; this question may have practical consequences too. Take for instance language learning: knowledge about the way the mental lexicon is organized might serve in constructing better learning programs. For example, if we knew that morphological knowledge of language learners facilitates their learning, it might be required to focus on this aspect when constructing a teaching program. And in fact, psycholinguistic literature does report a facilitating effect of morphological knowledge (Mimouni et al 1998, Deutsch et al 1998 and Frost et al 1997)."
Abstract This paper traces the 9/11 terrorist attack to the United States, support of Israel in the 1967 War with her Arab neighbors, the historical facts of the war and the nations' political goals then and now.
From the Paper "Since September 11th, and a subsequent international crackdown on terrorism and all entities that support, harbor or commit acts characterized as terrorism, confrontation between Israeli and Palestinian forces has become a detail of daily life. Likewise, so have much of the violence, death and destruction on both sides of the battle line. Israelis act on the pretense of defense, exacting military occupation of the West Bank and Gaza strip, in order to control the mounting terrorism that has threatened the Jewish state from within its own borders. Palestinians struggle for international recognition, independent statehood and liberation from Israeli possession. But the everyday intensification of conflict in the region is murky at best, as both sides operate without a credible solution, and accusations collect support on both sides. And while the shortsighted may regard this circumstance as a relatively new one, aftermath of recent tensions in the region and the election of a far right administration in Ariel Sharon, a perusal of the circumstances surrounding the end of the 1967 War will suggest that many of the specifics overarching this conflict are now at least thirty-five years of age."
