Abstract This paper examines the future of the Palestinianrefugees. It looks at Middle Eastern political issues surrounding the future of these people and the right of return and the founding of a Palestinian state. The paper give an historical overview of the Palestinian struggle.
From the Paper "A forceful argument is finally under way regarding the future of the millions of Palestinian refugees fading away in congested camps. The Israelis have overlooked the refugee problem for decades; the brawl of revisits also seemed to fade away from Palestinian political dialogue and after the endorsement of the Oslo agreements (even as it remained of fundamental worry for the refugees themselves)."
Tags: palestine, middle, east, israel, jordan, syria, lebanon, gaza, strip, human, rights, israeli, 1948, west, bank, immigrant, olso, arab
Abstract This paper closely examines the history textbooks used by Israeli and Palestinian students and how they respectively portray history in order to determine if the textbook's portrayal of history influences the peace process. The paper focuses on the Israeli perspective vs. the Palestinian perspective of the Independence War that is presented in an Israeli and a Palestinian history textbook that is used by grade ten students. The paper also relates the contents of an interview with a Palestinian and an Israeli student to determine the emphasis of their history class. The paper therefore provides evidence that textbooks are used in the Israeli and Palestinian education system as political tools to develop a wounded identity and make the reconciliation process difficult and almost unachievable.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Words as Tools of the Wounded Identity
The Significance of Language in the Israeli Palestinian Conflict
The Wounded Identity; How it is Created Out of the Ideology of Antagonism
The Independence War Israeli Perspective vs. Palestinian Perspective
Reasons that Lead the Arab troops to Lose the War with Israel
The Refugee Issue
An Interview with a Palestinian and an Israeli student
When Everything Comes Together
Conclusion
From the Paper "In the past century the Israeli-Palestinian conflict has been one of the most difficult conflicts on the globe. The continuing fight over the right to live safely on the same land drove people to actions that would be defined as madness rather than anything else. Since the beginning of 1991, well-planned processes have been formulated in order to establish peace between these nations. Numerous debates and meetings took place; discussion and planning, the creation of two autonomous states. Over the following nine years, a large percentage of both the Israeli and the Palestinian citizens believed in the successes of the process. Unfortunately, starting in 2000 the situation became the worse. The 21th century brought Hamas to the Palestinian government. This development forecasted an entirely new period in the lives of both Israelis and Palestinians. In history this time is going to be referred to as the Intifada period. In Israel and Palestine many are going to remember it as an era of blood shedding and collective madness."
Tags: Jews, Arabs, reconciliation, violence, antagonism, Independence, War, refugees
A discussion on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, from a Palestinian perspective, focusing on a string of historical events leading up to the current political situation.
Abstract The following paper examines several issues in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, such as the Suez Canal crises, the Balfour Declaration, the Yom Kippur War and the Six Day War. The writer discusses the events that lead to the major unresolved issues that remain today in Israel, namely the status of Jerusalem; the future of Israeli settlements; and the rights of Palestine refugees. This paper is written by a pro-Palestinian supporter.
From the Paper "In 1994, Israel withdrew from the Gaza Strip and Jericho, ending 27 years of occupation. A Palestinian police force replaced them. In 1995, then a Jewish extremist assassinated Israeli Prime Minister, Yitzhak Rabin, who had been involved in the latest peace processes.
In April 1996, Israeli forces bombed Lebanon for 17 days, with Hezbollah retaliating by firing upon populated areas of Northern Israel. Israel also bombed a UN shelter, killing about 100 out of 800 civilians sheltering there. The UN claimed it was intentional. In 1998, the Wye River Memorandum planned Israeli withdrawal from the West Bank but Israel suspended it in 1999 due to internal disagreements on its implementation."
Abstract This paper is a review of an intervention program for the EDUNRWA, a United Nations organization that provides service delivery, including educational programs, to Palestinianrefugees. The paper notes the problems of the existing center as a lack of a human relations department and very little computerization of human relations functions.
The design consists of establishing a computerized department designed to handle the organization's human resource functions of hiring, intake, training and record-keeping. It was noted that such a plan would improve management of both personnel and resources and remediate to at least some extent the problems of reduced organizational functioning, reduced organizational effectiveness, reduced performance and productivity as well as absenteeism and turnover.
Contents:
Abstract
An HRD Intervention for EDUNWRA
The Setting
The Problem
Relevant Research
The HRD Intervention
Organizational Needs and Problems That Will Be Remediated By The Intervention
Nature of the Intervention
Computerization of Hiring Practices
Computerization of Intake Information
Computerized training
Computerized Record-Keeping
Dealing With Resistance and Planning Training Periods
Intervention Evaluation Methods
Problem-Solving Design
Data Collection Procedures
Instruments
Data Analysis Procedures
References
From the Paper "The Agency began operations on 1 May 1950. In the absence of a solution to the Palestine refugee problem, the General Assembly has repeatedly renewed UNRWA's mandate, most recently extending it until 30 June 2002. Since its establishment, the Agency has delivered its services in times of relative calm in the Middle East, and in times of hostilities. It has fed, housed and clothed tens of thousands of fleeing refugees and at the same time educated and given health care to hundreds of thousands of young refugees. It is the educational department of the agency which supplies educational services."
Tags: middle, east, education, human, resources, personnel, UN, health, care, work, people
Abstract This research developed a program module for teaching a particular collective of instructors how to plan, implement and evaluate peer assessment methods. Instructors were teachers working at the United Nations Works and Relief Agency's Education Science Facility. The ESF provides college level instruction to Palestinianrefugees now living in host countries.
Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Purpose of the Study
Statement of the Problem
Research Questions
Definitions
Review of Literature
Overview
Theoretical and Conceptual Thinking of Experts
Review of Research
Planning Instruction in Peer Assessment
Teaching Peer Assessment
Formats To Use For Peer Assessment
Evaluation
Present Status of Topic
Summary
Methodology and Problem Solving
Procedures
Limitations
Results
Program Module for Instruction on Peer Assessment
Purposes of the This Program
Peer Assessment: Definition and Effects
Definition
Effects of Peer Assessment
Linkage of Peer Assessment To Other Instructional Activities
Planning Instruction
Training Techniques
Formats
Evaluation of Peer Assessment
From the Paper "The developed program contained several components including: introductory remarks, a discussion of the nature of peer assessment and its effects, a delineation of the linkage between peer assessment and instructors' other instructional activities, a discussion of how to plan peer assessment and various instructional strategies and components involved in implementing the process. The program also included possible formats that can be used, and a discussion of how to evaluate the effectiveness of peer assessment programs."
Abstract This proposal tests the effectiveness of remedial center programs of the UNRWA for slow learning Palestinian adults. The proposal notes that such a test is important in order to determine the degree to which the monies spent on the program have been justified and also because it will help UNRWA management decide whether the program should be expanded. The paper includes a review of the relevant literature, an explanation of the research method and concludes that research will have a great deal of practical significance to be used by the top management of the UNRWA education department to help them take appropriate decisions regarding the future of the remedial center.
From the Paper "It can be noted here that the proposed research will have a great deal of practical significance. In this regard, the findings of this research can be used by the top management of the UNRWA Education Department to help them take appropriate decisions regarding the future of the Remedial Center. For example, collected data will inform as to whether the program is worth the literally millions of dollars that have been spent on it. Further, the findings of the proposed research can help management decide whether the program should be expanded."
Tags: education, support, international, middle, east, disadvantaged, refugee, arab
This paper critically reviews Laetitia Bucaille's book "Growing Up Palestinian", which focuses on the complexity of social change among the Palestinian population.
Abstract The paper critically analyzes Bucaille's text "Growing Up Palestinian", which explores the social fault lines within Palestinian society. Using Bucaille's book as a basis, the paper argues that these fault lines have not only been exacerbated but, to a great extent, created by the instrumentality of the Israeli occupation; a process that has been reinforced by the inadequacies of the emerging Palestinian governance since the 1990s. The paper shows how these fault lines have not only fragmented Palestinian society, but critically weakened it in the face of a range of challenges over the past decade.
From the Paper "In her book Growing Up Palestinian, French journalist and academic Laetitia Bucaille describes the impact of the Israeli Occupation, the two Intifadas, and the emerging Palestinian governance structures in the 1990s upon a generation of young Palestinians in Gaza and the West Bank. Given the nature of her subject, this text cannot truly be considered a general analysis of Palestinian society as a whole. For example, one significant gap in her text is its lack of direct treatment of young Islamists and members of Hamas; an increasingly influential portion of the Palestinian population. This being said, even with the text's focus upon more secular young Palestinians we can understand the complexity of social change among the Palestinian population over the past two decades."
Tags: Gaza, West, Bank, Hamas, Intifada, suicide, bombers, Palestinian, Authority, Israel
Abstract This paper examines Israel and its making by taking a close look at the historical events leading up to the nation's independence and then examines those same historical events thereby explaining the reasons Palestinians were "left behind".
From the Paper "In its most immediate manifestation, there may be a great deal of support for the idea that the Jewish state of Israel, established in 1948, was sparked by a newfound international sympathy for the Jewish situation. The Holocaust, that resulted in the slaughter of some six million Jews, and the torture and degradation of countless others, appeared to be the culmination to millennia of Semitic discrimination, deportation and murder. And as concentration camp liberation throughout Eastern Europe exposed the abhorrent realities executed upon the Jews to the rest of the world, President Truman and imperially inclined British authorities alike were corralled into a position of necessary empathy. But it was certainly not by way of global ingratiation alone that the Jews were able to gain a foothold on their fate as a proposed nation. The seeds for 1948's declaration of Israeli independence were planted and fertilized many years prior and, likewise, a tendency toward Palestinian disenfranchisement finds it roots in an approach adopted in the early part of the twentieth century."
Abstract This paper attempts to understand the Israeli-Palestinian conflict from the perspective of cultural similarities and differences between the two peoples. The author begins by providing a definition of culture, and then offers a thorough analysis of the various cultural attributes of both groups -- from religion to power to territorialism. The paper concludes with a section entitled "Is Peace Possible?", which looks at this perennial question from the unusual perspective of the cultural impediments to peace, rather than the political ones.
Introduction: What is Culture?
Why Israel and Palestine are Like Each Other and Dislike Each Other
Territorialism
Religious Differences
Influence of United States and Europe
Dissimilar Values
Money
Power
Different Governments - Different People
Is Peace Possible?
From the Paper "Traditionally the word culture is used to define people who share a certain set of values. These values may include similar national character, a particular geo-political heritage, or a state sanctioned religion. The article, "The Man in the Baghdad Cafe" goes on to say that in many cases people define themselves by a very small number of shared values rather than the cultural larger set that are said to be shared by Europeans or Asians or residents of the Middle East. In Europe, more people identify with their geographical territory such as Germany or France or England than they do either with national character or religion (Protestant work ethic)."
This paper examines the development of a teacher training program to be given to UNWRA teachers working with Palestinianrefugee students who are underachievers.
Abstract The paper explains the nature of the problem, provides background and discusses the study's basic purpose and significance. The writer then studies literature about under-achievement, then describes and discusses all of the methods and procedures that are used in the development of the teacher training program. The paper introduces the program planning and development methods; both the conceptual and the methodological assumptions underlying the study; and the limitations of the study.
From the Paper "The UNRWA (2000) reports that the largest concentration of Palestine refugees is in Jordan, representing more than 40 percent of those refugees registered with UNRWA. The refugees in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including Jerusalem, represent 38 percent of UNRWA's registration. Lebanon and Syria each host about 10 percent of the registered refugees and the remainder live in neighboring countries, including Egypt, while others have migrated to Europe, the United States, Canada and South America."
Abstract This paper presents an unbiased history of the disputed region of Israel, beginning with God's promise to Abraham of a Jewish land, 4000 years ago. The paper discusses the differences between Jews and Arabs with regards to their claims on the land, the conquering nations throughout history who added fuel to fire in this dispute, the United Nations's decision to create a Jewish state in 1948, and the many wars that have been fought since then. The paper also touches on the question of whether Israel has a right to exist.
From the Paper "Today, the world's religious axis continues to revolve around the holy city Jerusalem. Three of the world's major religions stem from this city, and all share the land no bigger than a few football fields. Ground zero is a hill in Jerusalem known to Jews as the Temple Mount and to Muslims as the Haram al-Sharif, or the Noble Sanctuary ("Middle East Turmoil"). This is the site that all three religions agree Abraham attempted to sacrifice his son Isaac but was stopped at the last moment by an angel of God (Sachar, "History of the Jews" 63). When the Romans destroyed the second holy Temple in 70 A.D., only one outer wall surrounding the Temple Mount remained standing. This remnant of what was the most sacred building in the Jewish world became the holiest spot in Jewish life. For Muslims, the Dome of the Rock, Islam's third-holiest site, is said to be where the prophet Mohammad ascended to heaven ("Status of Jerusalem"). Unfortunately, they are situated virtually atop each other with both sides claiming rights to the land. So which people should fully possess the land that holds two very sacred and ancient religions?"
Tags: chosen, people, Dome, of, the, Rock, refugees
A paper arguing that a Leviathan International Court of Justice is needed to enforce international law in the struggle between Israel and the Palestinians.
Abstract This is a position paper arguing that Israel is illegally occupying Palestinian lands. The paper argues that Israel has been allowed to ignore UN resolutions regarding the conflict and that the only way to make sure that Israel complies with those resolutions is to see that they are enforced by a Leviathan International Court of Justice.
Introduction
History of Illegality
The Wall
International Court Findings
Israel's Response/World Response
Conclusions
From the Paper "Since the beginning of the modern State of Israel, there has been much conflict concerning its responsibilities to the Palestinian population that lived in the area before it was officially declared a Jewish State in 1948. Although popular world opinion has historically sided with Israel concerning its strife with her neighbors, the nation has continually acted in direct opposition to United Nations resolutions, international law, and moral principles."
Tags: territories, opposing, sides, refugees, displaced, violation, expelled, forced, jordan
Abstract This paper discusses the origins of the Zion movement and the formation of Israel as a Jewish nation-state. The author provides an account of the historical events before and after the British mandate for Palestine and the Balfour Declaration before it, that lead to the creation of Israel as a Jewish nation-state. The paper also touches on the on-going Israeli and Arab relationship and the tensions that are still prevalent between Israel and Palestinianrefugees today.
From the Paper "This was the prevalent thought behind both the British mandate for Palestine and the Balfour Declaration before it. The British occupation of the Palestinian territory and eventual handoff of sovernity to the bi-formed state of Israel Palestine has left a flawed legacy on the Middle East and the world as a whole. However, the creation of a Jewish nation state has left an enduring democratic legacy that far outweighs the costs and repercussions of its founding."
A look at the achievements made by the E.U.towards a European refugee policy through a review of Joanne Van Selm's "European Refugee Policy: is There Such a Thing?".
Abstract This paper analyses Joanne Van Selm's working paper "European Refugee Policy: is There Such a Thing?". It discusses how "illegal immigrant", "asylum seeker", "refugee", "economic refugee" are all phrases that tend to create confusion in the minds of E.U. citizens. It looks at how the 25 Member-States barely have a common immigration policy, though they do have a few guidelines for a harmonisation of asylum policy. It is in this context, that the question of the existence of a European Refugee policy is discussed.
Outline:
Introduction
What Has Been Achieved in the EU so Far (From the Schengen Agreement to Now) Does Not Always Take the Right Direction Towards A Common Refugee Policy.
Implementing Agreements on Immigration, Asylum and Refugees in the EU: A Common Approach or 25 Approaches?
The Lack of Political Will of Fortress Europe Does Not Help Shaping a Common Refugee Policy
Conclusion
From the Paper "The very way refugee issues are dealt with within the EU is counterproductive, in terms of defence of human rights. VAN SELM explains that "there are [...] more national civil servants [than EU civil servants] dealing with asylum and refugee policy. They are all within the most sovereign control-oriented ministries too (Justice and Home Affairs) [...] Since where you stand is influenced by where you sit, it seems natural that these policy makers would be more likely to guard national interest and defend national policy than to consider the situations in countries and regions around the world, and the most appropriate policy Europe as a whole could pursue in the interest of maintaining stability by guaranteeing protection to refugees." Part of this safeguarding of the national interest would also be the lack of funds granted to refugee issues. If it is true that some EU Member States do "use part of their own overseas development aid to assist refugees in emergency and protracted situations around the world" (p.18), VAN SELM notes that "this is rarely done in a systemic way." Countries like Malta spent their ODA on detained asylum seekers, hence having anything but a refugee policy."
Abstract The Israeli-Palestinian conflict has been one of the most divisive contests in the history of the Middle East. Unfortunately, Israel has been a hub of violence since its inception in 1948. This paper examines the history of the conflict and debates how best to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
Outline
Israel Should Withdraw from Palestinian Territories
Israel Must Reoccupy Palestinian Territories
Creating a Palestinian State Could Resolve the Israeli- Palestinian Conflict
Creating a Palestinian State Would Not Resolve the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
Palestinians Must Fight for Equal Rights
Palestinians Must Reject Terrorism as a Weapon of War
Economic Development Can Facilitate Peace Between Israelis and Palestinians
From the Paper "President George W. Bush has referred to the "legitimate aspirations" of the Palestinian people for an independent state. But people who embrace suicide bombings and choose career killers as their leaders--as the Palestinians have done--have no legitimate political aspirations. Writer William F. Buckley, for all of his many faults, is credited with a turn of phrase that eloquently captures this fact. Speaking about an African country's desire for independence, he quipped, "They'll be ready for democracy when they stop eating each other." Although he was referring to the practice of literal cannibalism, the same thing applies metaphorically to the Palestinians. They can be trusted with a representative government only when they stop worshipping murderers."
Tags: intifada, west, bank, gaza, fatah, hamas, terrorism
