Abstract In this article, the writer looks at climate changes and focuses on its effects on Peru, in particular. The writer explains how the background of the Peruvian people and Peru's unstable climate make Peru especially susceptible to global warming. The paper also exmaines the effects on Peru of global warming such as freezing weather, glacial retreat, El Nino and then discusses what is being done about climate change. The writer notes that climate change is a global problem and explains that it is an on going process caused primarily by global warming, harming both natural and human environments. The writer points out that because of the way the Peruvian people live, and because Peru has such an unstable climate that can be influenced by many factors, Peru is the third most susceptible country to global warming. The writer concludes that the people who depend on the Andean highlands in Peru are facing severe hardships due to global warming and notes that if the trend of climate change continues, the effects of global warming will only be felt more severely.
From the Paper "Because the weather was freezing weather rather than hotter weather, it is harder to link this abrupt change to global warming. However, one cannot just assume the freezing weather is an anomaly because it was a national crisis that had never happened before. Global warming would mean higher temperatures; this would mean to increased levels of evaporation, and increased levels of precipitation. Therefore, one link that can be made to this unusually freezing weather would be the increased levels of evaporation leading to a higher level of snowfall and sleet in Peru. The higher levels of sleet and snowfall would contribute to the abnormally cold temperatures in the Andean highlands in the middle of July."
Abstract This paper analyzes the overall justice system in Peru in order to understand the history of the Peruvian society's justice system as it relates to its current status. The paper also attempts to correlate Peru's justice system with the Peruvian governmental, military and religious systems, as well as analyze the problems in the justice system and research possible and/or proven solutions. Additionally, the paper hypothesizes that the Peruvian justice system is really in a chaotic state and both the government and the military system of Peru were the cause of the disorder. However, with the current initiatives of political reform coupled with the continuing efforts of the Catholic and other evangelical churches, the justice system in Peru will likely soon be experiencing dramatic, positive change.
Outline
Chapter 1. Introduction
Chapter 2. Historiography
Chapter 3. The Call for Reform
Chapter 4. Justice in Peru: A Reflection of the Country's Government
Chapter 5. Conclusion
From the Paper "Peruvian policing has an unpromising history. Policing was militarized under military government from 1968 to 1980. Through the 1980s and 1990s the police confronted Peru's brutal Maoist Shining Path guerrilla movement (Sendero Luminoso) and another smaller guerrilla group (MRTA). For much of this period, the police were under direct military command in emergency zones that covered nearly half the country for over a decade. Both the police and military were responsible for methodical and egregious human rights violations (Mawby 1999). Police were also themselves victims of acts of terrorist violence, and continue to hold views overwhelmingly shaped by the counterterrorist experience, including a tendency to associate human rights with guerrillas and communists. "
Abstract This paper discusses how Peru faces many problems common to many developing countries around the world, including economic difficulties. The problems include underdevelopment in its infrastructure, including underdevelopment in its health, education, industrial, and transport sectors, and environmental difficulties, including deforestation, overgrazing, desertification, pollution; there is severe air pollution in Lima and river pollution from unregulated industries. It also examines how Peru has the added problem of coca and the illicit drugs trade. The paper looks at three global issues, in particular, the struggling economy, deforestation, and the illicit drug trade, and discusses how they directly affect the country of Peru. It also analyzes these three issues in relation to three other countries, Colombia (an Andean neighbor), Uganda (an African example of a developing country), and India (an Asian example of a developing country).
From the Paper "In terms of the problem of illicit drugs, Uganda and India are not fair comparisons with Peru, as these two countries do not suffer from such a problem: Uganda has problems with smuggling of precious stones, but not drugs. The direct comparison here will therefore again be Colombia. As we have seen, those connected with the illegal drug trade in Colombia import coca leaves from Peru for processing to cocaine, for export to drug-users in the US and Europe. The same problems, i.e., falsely inflated economies, leading to unemployment and economic difficulties upon the collapse of this economy, also apply to Colombia. Businesses and communities in the heart of Cali have been destroyed by coca dollars, and again through their withdrawal from the local economy."
Tags: coca, columbia, india, uganda, developing, countries.
A brief review of the book "Franciscan Beginnings in Early Colonial Peru" by Antonine Tibesar which provides an account of the Franciscans' role in converting the native population of Peru to Christianity.
916 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 0 sources, 2002, $ 32.95
Abstract This paper examines how Tibesar, basing his work on primary sources wherever possible, asserts that although the Franciscan Order was by no means the primary religious order in colonial Peru, the Franciscans successfully integrated the Indians into Spanish culture. The paper describes the contents of the book as well as the type of sources used.
From the Paper "The author constantly admits that there is a dearth of documentary materials written by religious persons of the sixteenth century. Rather, most documents were written by military personnel or conquistadors. Rather than become discouraged by this lack of source material, Tibesar works closely with the materials provided to him by the Franciscan Order in modern Peru. The focus for the book is specifically on the Franciscan Order, but by necessity Tibesar places the Order in social, political, and historical context in order to provide an accurate account of its role in sixteenth century Peru. Tibesar notes that the Franciscan Order contended with frequent clashes of interest with Spanish authorities, both religious and secular, in their attempts to convert the Indians. For the Franciscan, Christian spirituality and way of life were far more important than establishing organized bodies of governance in New Spain. Therefore, the friars basically remained true to their ideals of Christianity."
Abstract This paper is on the City of Lima, Peru focuses on the importance of the description of an area necessary for an establishment of a successful business industry. This paper also gives in-depth information about the city Lima, the heart of Peru. An analysis is also made on how each of these factors, discussed could not only produce flourishing entrepreneurs but also improve human lives and their standards. The paper concludes by reviewing the setbacks of the chosen industry.
Abstract This paper examines how Pizarro came to conquer of Peru in 1523 with the blessing of King Charles I of Spain and his relationship with the natives of the time - the Incas. It discusses how Pizarro's goal was to take the riches of the empire for himself and to subjugate the people to Catholicism and to Spanish rule. It evaluates the repercussions of Pizarro's conquest and how the conquest of the entire Americas cannot be overstated.The Inca civilization was more advanced than Western European civilization at the time, and so many things about art and architecture and science that the Europeans could have learned about had were wiped out.
From the Paper "In many ways, the Inca civilization was more advanced than Western European Civilization. Inca surgeons were performing brain surgery while the Europeans favorite medical treatment was leeches. In 1531, the Inca had achieved amazing feats, not just in art, architecture, science, etc, but in socio-politics. In Inca society there were no poor people. Orphans, widows, etc, were cared for by the state. Workers retired at 50 on pensions of food and clothing. There was little crime. "
Tags: latin, america, society, civilization, catholicism, spain, king, charles
Abstract This paper uses Hernando De Soto's "The Other Path" to explain possible reasons for poverty in Peru. The author focuses on the importance of granting property rights to poorer citizens as a means of establishing a successful capitalistic country.
From the Paper "At the beginning of the 20th century, Peruvian reallocation programs would give land to poor peasants but they were not allowed to sell the land they owned. What resulted from taking away landholder's right to sell their property was that markets - the ones that help economies prosper financially - were not allowed to work. Peasants could not transfer their land; therefore the banks would not accept their land as collateral. Because of this, formal capital markets were underdeveloped and peasants couldn't get loans from banks to help them financially to build their businesses. The only place that poor people could get credit was from producers and sellers of the equipment that they needed. This led to extremely high credit costs for seeds, fertilizer, and hauling their produce to market (FTE 2006). This certainly didn't help the poor, and in some cases, it left them worse off than they were before. Another factor was that the Peruvian Amazon forest was being prematurely harvested and cut down by landholders who hoped to cash in on the immediate value of their shaky property rights. The landholders had no idea what would happen in the future to their land, so they opted to chop down the forests as quickly as they could so they could reap the benefits. "Short-term profiteering dominated long-term investment strategies (FTE 2006). "
Abstract Examining how the IT revolution has encouraged people to look for opportunities in different countries, particularly the third world countries which have been successful in providing the basic amenities at a cost lesser when compared to developed nations. This study is an effort to rank Peru as a possible IT destination for businesses that are planning to expand into other countries. Looks at a history of IT in Peru, infrastructure, Telecom companies in Peru, government initiatives, internet availability, hard and software production, the business climate for investing and legal issues concerning the IT sector.
From the Paper "As the world is witnessing an unprecedented growth in technology and science, business managers are trying to find new avenues to apply their knowledge and experiences, which would eventually help their business. Among other things, the choice of a new destination is determined by a variety of factors. These may include technology preparedness and literacy of the local population, stability and policies of the government that is favorable to the industries and the infrastructure of that country. The most important factor that encourages business managers to look for new avenues to do business is the spiraling cost both in terms of infrastructure and manpower. In the IT sector it is accepted worldwide that in developed countries like USA, Germany and Britain, the cost involved in maintaining an IT team is far more that maintaining a similar team in a less developed country. This has been one of the prime reasons, which has encouraged companies to outsource a major chunk of their projects to third world workforce. This tendency has been most pronounced in the IT sector. The problem of setting up a new business is much more difficult for IT companies because unlike other industries, an IT venture cannot be started from scratch because it needs many supporting facilities and a computer literate population which the company can at least hope to deploy after adequate training. (Bracker, 1994) Since training in computers requires an above average education level as a prerequisite, the task is all the more difficult for IT managers to find a suitable place for setting up their industry."
Abstract This paper provides a brief analysis of Davies book in which he analyzes the economic and fiscal history of Peru. He focuses his study on the families of Arequipa, that the Spaniards founded in 1540 in Southwestern Peru. It looks at how they invested in agricultural lands so they could become a symbol of status in the society.
From the Paper "Geographically, the region of Peru that is written about in the book is different from the areas in the southern, northern and central regions as far as topography is concerned. The plot of this book focuses on the period starting from the early 1700's till the late 1700's. However, after reading this book one feels that if it had been written around the eighteenth century it would have attracted greater attention since the inauguration of the general was responsible for many of the changes."
Abstract This paper explains that liberation theology as developed by Father Gustavo Gutierrez was shaped by political events specific to Peru and to Latin America's position in the world economy especially the economic crises of the 1960s, which nurtured revolutionary movements in Peru and elsewhere: Social change required unconventional measures as evidenced in grassroot churches and organizations such as the CEB (Comunidades Eclesiales de Base or Base Christian Communities). The author points out that the ecclesiology proposed by Gutierrez is closely associated with his reinterpretation of salvation as a single yet complex process of historical liberation, which encompasses the whole person and all persons, proclaiming a God whose love frees human beings to love. The paper states that liberation theology is moving toward divesting itself from dependence on the Western philosophical tradition by recovering local traditions, values and visions and by using the languages, which emerge from the interaction of the theologians with the poor, who are reclaiming their personhood. Many quotations.
Table of Contents
Introduction/Historical Background
The Ecclesiology of Liberation Theology
The Epistemology of Liberation Theology
Socio-analytic Mediation
Dialogue with the Social Sciences
Introspection and Inter-religious Dialogue
The Hermeneutical Circle
The Hermeneutical Mediation
Practical Mediation
Praxis as Criterion of Truth
Criticisms of Liberation Theology
Alistair Kee
The Vatican
Rosemary Reuther
Michael Novak
Conclusion
From the Paper "There have been objections to the liberation theologian's social commitment or disinterested nature of science and knowledge. Critics argue that science is no more revolutionary or reactionary than it is religious or atheistic. In countering this criticism, liberation theologians pointed out that, insofar as it is a science, from an epistemological point of view, theology is a disinterested cognition. Insofar as it is a social positivity, or virtue of its factual insertion into the fabric of social interests, theology is not an innocent, neutral, apolitical function but a partisan and interested social instrument. Liberation theologists recognize that there is no straight, logical path from theory to praxis, nor from praxis to theory."
Tags: ecclesiology, epistemology, peru, poor, grassroot
