Abstract This paper describes oppositionaldefiantdisorder, which is a complicated psychiatric problem that may occur in children or adolescents. The behaviors associated with this disorder are discussed, as well as the possible physiological roots of the problem. Treatment options are presented, which include therapy. The author concludes optimistically that this disorder may be overcome with appropriate intervention.
Outline
Definition
Studies
Treatment
Summary
From the Paper "A study was also done on "Mary", a 4 year old who developed oppositional defiant disorder in the setting of her military father's deployment to Bosnia (Daly, 2002). Mary's initial presentation was that of frequent temper tantrums and the tendency to hold her bowel movements, often resulting in soiling. The child demonstrated controlling and defiant behavior, escalating frequently into temper tantrums and frequent arguments with her mother. It is of note that the child demonstrated little difficulty at school and got along well with her six year old sister. Mary would frequently direct her mother on what to eat, and what clothes to wear, and demand that her mother get off the telephone, throwing a temper tantrum if her needs we not met. It is of note that the child, although noted to be very verbal in school reports and play, was unlikely to express her feelings surrounding her father's absence, and frequently would deny feelings of sadness even when her activity in play therapy would indicate the opposite was true."
Tags:oppositional, defiant, disorder, psychology, psychiatric, disorders, therapy, youth, children
Abstract What has become known as OppositionalDefiantDisorder (ODD) once was included with a range of other, similar behaviors in the classification of sociopath and delinquency. However, as psychology has been able to define and categorize increasingly specific forms of behavior, ODD has begun to receive some very individualized attention. Over the past two decades, the research into this behavioral disorder, which becomes very apparent within the school system, has increased. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss the diagnosis, treatment, and outlook for this problematic disorder.
From the Paper "Abstract
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is examined in terms of definition, etiology, problems associated with diagnosis and study, and treatment. Oppositional defiant disorder is a disorder that involves symptoms which, when they occur at a certain developmental stage, are considered normal, but when they persist or occur at a later stage of development, they are signs of the disorder. There are a number of problems raised with reference to the study of ODD, notably the question of its specific relationship to a more severe disorder, conduct disorder. There is evidence that the two are linked developmentally so that ODD may lead to conduct disorder, but there is also evidence that they may be two distinct issues."
An investigation to determine whether children with an autistic sibling are at greater risk for developing conduct disorder, oppositionaldefiantdisorder and antisocial behavior.
Abstract This study examines the psychological well-being and sibling relationships in adolescent siblings who have a brother or sister with an autism spectrum disorder. In examining these children, the paper attempts to determine the incidence of children who experience conduct disorder, oppositionaldefiantdisorder and antisocial behavior who also have autistic siblings as well as what factors tend to contribute to an increased incidence of these conditions in otherwise-normal siblings of autistic children. Finally, the study attempts to identify clinical interventions that have been proven effective in helping the entire family in general, and otherwise-normal siblings in particular, in the past.
Introduction
Background of the Problem
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Significance of the Study
Research Questions
Limitations and Delimitations
Definitions
Summary
Preliminary Literature Review
Methodology
Description of the Study Approach
Data-gathering Method and Database of Study
From the Paper "The number of children who have been diagnosed with autism has increased sharply in recent years; the data had suggested that autism occurs in at least one of every 1,000 children; however, more recent studies demonstrated a prevalence rate that was two- to three-times higher than these earlier estimates. According to Mayes, "Autistic spectrum disorders occur much more frequently in males than females, with the exception of Rett Syndrome, a rare and severe disorder only occurring in females" (p. 92). Autism often occurs in combination with other mental impairments, such as mental retardation, seizure disorders, and attention deficit-hyperactivity/disorder. Furthermore, autism is often misdiagnosed or not diagnosed, but once the condition is diagnosed, the most effective response is early, aggressive intervention focusing on social and communicative deficits; however, older individuals with autism may also gain some benefit from structured interventions."
Abstract This paper examines a psychological condition known as Oppositional Defiance Disorder, which is a somewhat generalized collection of symptoms and behaviors in children and teens that result in hostility and negativity.
Abstract This paper investigates the issues and the psychological development of conduct disorder in both the childhood and the adolescent years. The diagnosis of conduct disorder is compared and contrasted against oppositionaldefiantdisorder (ODD) and the correlation that conduct disorder has with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Standard medical definitions for these disorders, as well as the growing body of literature on this field, are included to better round out the discussion and to signify the impact of such disorders on children and adolescents.
Abstract This paper discusses the case of a 6-year-old boy affected with ADHD and ODD. The author describes the boy's behavior, giving examples, and discusses several of the concerns of his parents and educators. The author explains the methods currently used by his teachers and parents to work with his disorders and increase his attention. The paper also provides suggestions for further improving his attention and his learning abilities.
From the Paper "Reflected in Michael's inability to sit still during read aloud time, Michael also expresses no verbal desire to read silently, or even flip through picture books for more than a few minutes. Michael states to the EA frequently that he does not want to learn how to read because it is boring. The EA has in the past had no answer but more recently devised a way to help Michael understand the importance of reading by bringing simple instructions to school that accompany objects and items that almost cannot be used without a careful reading of the simple instructions."
Abstract Discusses the pattern of negative, disobedient behaviors in a child or adolescent. Examines problems caused by the condition at school, work, and in social situations. Cites possible causes of ODD, its symptoms, and gender differences.
From the Paper "Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is a pattern of defiant, negative, hostile, disobedient behaviors in a child or adolescent which lasts for at least six months (Doermann, 1999). The condition causes problems at school or..."
Abstract In this article, the writer explores the nurtured heart approach of behavior therapy. The writer explains that the topic of behavior disordered children has always been a volatile one. The writer then points out that experts in the fields of child psychology and education not only disagree how to treat the disorders, they sometimes disagree on whether the disorders even exist. The he writer examines Dr. Howard Glasser's approach to treating difficult children, including those who have been diagnosed with attention deficit disorder (ADHD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), oppositionaldefiantdisorder (ODD) and other behavior related disorders. The writer concludes that with the nurtured heart approach to behavior in a classroom, students will realize that negative behavior gets no response, while positive behavior gets compliments, rewards and credits.
Outline:
Introduction
What It Is
Conclusion
References
From the Paper "The first thing the approach stresses is the fact that intense, or difficult children do not react normally to the basic rules of parenting. While parents of these children may be dedicated and trying everything they can to get these children turned around they are often faced with defiance and refusal to comply. It can be frustrating for the parents, the teachers and the children who are involved. It can also be difficult on remaining family members."
"The Nurtured Heart Approach believes that these children are programmed in a way that an entirely different approach is needed to make the child change behavior patterns, and consequently gain confidence in his or her ability to fit into society and succeed."
Abstract In this paper the author looks at various explosive disorders suffered by children and the symptoms that they demonstrate. In particular the author looks at intermittent explosive disorder, defiantdisorder, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress syndrome, bipolar disorder and Tourette's syndrome. The author moves on to discuss what the warning signals are and how adults can help child sufferers.
From the paper:
"Explosive behaviors in these children are hard for adults to understand. Many parents assume that the child is deliberately provoking them. On examination this view doesn"t hold up to scrutiny. It doesn?t seem likely that a child is thinking clearly when in the middle of a raging meltdown, and it seems unlikely that a child would choose to act in a way that makes both him and those he loves most extremely unhappy.?
Abstract This paper presents a general overview and discussion of the psychological disorders known as Conduct Disorder and Antisocial Disorder. The paper presents definitions of both disorders and discusses several aspects associated with these disorders including diagnosis, prevalence, general etiology, risk factors, genetic and biological causes, symptoms of each disorder and need for interventions.
From the Paper "This research paper presents conduct disorder and antisocial disorder. Related to conduct disorder the following are discussed: definition, diagnosis, prevalence, general etiology and risk factors, genetic and biological causes and risk factors, disorder onset as a risk factor, familial and racial risk factors, childhood risk behaviors, developmental progression, course and consequences and assessment, treatment and forensic issues. Related to antisocial disorder the following are discussed: definition, diagnosis, prevalence, general etiology and risk factors, genetic and biological causes and risk factors..."
Abstract This paper discusses how important the proper diagnosis of a patient's mood disorder is for finding the proper treatment. Disorders covered include: major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, cyclothymic, bi-polar I, and bi-polar II. The author shows how the disorders are broken down into domains and indicates the symptoms for each and how they should be treated.
From the Paper "Bi-polar disorder affects approximately 2.3 million American adults or about 1.2 percent of the U.S. population age 18 and older (Reiger, 1993). Men and women are equally likely to develop bi-polar disorder. The average age of onset for bi-polar disorders is in the early twenties (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Bi-polar disorders include cyclothymic, bi-polar I, and bi-polar II. Distinction of the actual disorder can sometimes become difficult, therefore, it is crucial to look at all the symptoms the patient is experiencing."
This paper analyzes and examines anxiety disorders and bipolar disorder, including treatments available and recommendations for improving the awareness of these disorders.
Abstract Anxiety disorders and bipolar disorder are two of the most devastating psychological illnesses. Providing a concise and detailed overview of the various types of anxiety disorders and the different stages of bipolar disorder, as well as a discussion of treatment options, the author argues that while improvements have been made to the treatment and understanding of these illnesses, further improvements are necessary, including the integration of drug therapy and psychotherapy.
From the Paper "Despite the increasing awareness, education, knowledge, treatment, and understanding of psychological disorders, there is still no clear-cut, quick fix, and uniform method available to diagnose and/or eliminate (or at least reduce) mental illnesses and psychological disorders. Anxiety disorders and bipolar disorder are two of the most common mental illnesses that prevent an individual from functioning normally. While most individuals may arguably prefer to remain ignorant of the existence of anxiety disorders and/or bipolar disorder, the fact is that more than 23 million individuals suffer from anxiety disorders (Harvard, 1) while more than 3 million individuals suffer from bipolar disorder (Hollandsworth)."
A detailed essay covering the diagnosis, symptoms, treatment, prevention and prognosis of each pervasive developmental disorder such as autism, Rett syndrome, etc.
Abstract A paper which covers the main points of Pervasive Developmental Disorders, including autism, Rett syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, Asperger's syndrome, and 'pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified' (PDDNOS). The treatment, prevention, diagnosis, signs and symptoms, and treatment of each disorder is covered.
Table of Contents:
Asperger's Syndrome
What is Asperger's Syndrome?
Characteristics & Diagnosis
Diagnostic Criteria
Treatment
Autistic Disorder What is Autism?
Causes, Incidence, Risk Factors
Prevention
Diagnosing Autism
Treatment
Prognosis
Childhood Disintegrative Disorder What is Childhood Disintegrative Disorder?
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Criteria
Causes, Incidence, Other Risk
Prevention
Diagnosis
Signs and Tests
Prognosis
Treatment
Monitoring the Condition
Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified
What is PPDNOS?
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Rett Syndrome
What is Rett Syndrome?
Causes, Incidence
Diagnosis
Signs and Tests
Treatment
Prognosis
What we learned?
Bibliography
From the Paper "Early diagnosis and appropriate educational programs are very important to children with autism or PDD. Public Law 105-17, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), includes autism as a disability category. From the age of three, children with autism and PDD are eligible for an educational program appropriate to their individual needs. Educational programs for students with autism or PDD focus on improving communication, social, academic, behavioral, and daily living skills. Behavior and communication problems that interfere with learning sometimes require the assistance of a knowledgeable professional in the autism field who develops and helps to implement a plan which can be carried out at home and school."
Abstract This paper analyzes and reviews three articles about dissociative personality disorder in order to consider how the conceptual framework for this disorder has changed over the last 50 years. The three articles were read carefully and summarized for basic themes, definitions, and differences. The first article entitled "Multiple Personality Disorder" by W.S. Taylor and M.F. Martin, written in 1944, was one of the first works on this disorder. The next article, "The Osiris Complex," by Colin A. Ross, describes the condition as growing out of childhood abuse and psychological trauma. The third article, titled "Multiple Personality Disorder: Witchcraft Survives in the Twentieth Century," by August Piper, Jr points out some troublesome aspects of the illness, which include more alternate personalities than earlier researchers believed could exist. The reviewer concludes by stating that todays view of dissociative identity disorder is one personality divided into abnormally personified components.
From the Paper " An article titled "Multiple Personality Disorder" written in 1944 by Taylor & Martin was located for comparison to two articles written more recently, "The Osiris Complex: Case Studies in Multiple Personality Disorder" (Ross, 2000) and "Multiple Personality Disorder: Witchcraft Survives in the Twentieth Century" (Piper, 1998). The 1944 article is frequently cited in articles written since 1980 and is considered a seminal work. Because two strands of thought regarding the disorder exist today, it was necessary to compare the old article to two contrasting concepts as articulated in the two more recent articles. The three articles were read carefully and summarized for basic themes, definitions, and differences."
