A research design of exercise routines geared at producing specific exercise outcomes. Methods of performance analyses are discussed that can be applied to test different exercise routines.
Abstract The author outlines a study that may be conducted, testing the hypothesis that subjects following an interval training regimen will maintain sustained performance at specified VO2 level for a longer period than will subjects following a continuous (steady) training regimen. Literature relevant to the effects of training regiment on endurance performance is reviewed, focusing on interval versus continuous training and short-term maximal performance. Furthermore, biochemical processes within the human body in the long and short run are outlined, noting the different effects of the two exercise regiments. Finally, the author designs an actual study that may be performed, which includes details of the subjects that should be tested, the instrumentation that should be used, the experimental protocol and how to measure statistical significance.
From the Paper "The effects of continuous and interval training on changes in lactate and ventilatory thresholds during incremental exercise were investigated. Seventeen males were assigned to one of three training groups: group 1:55 minutes of continuous exercise at 50 VO2 max; group 2: 35 minutes continuous exercise at 70 percent VO2 max; and group 3: 10 X 2-min intervals at 105 percent VO2 max interspersed with rest intervals of two minutes. All of the subjects were tested and trained on a cycle ergometer three day/week for eight weeks. The researchers concluded that both continuous and interval training were equally effective (14)."
Abstract This paper provides step by step instructions for performing strength and endurance exercises for a well-balanced exercise program, essential for overall fitness. The author contends that strength exercises improve muscle function, and help develop stronger bones, tendons and ligaments. Endurance exercises and activities improve the cardiovascular system, while enabling the muscles to use energy more efficiently.
From the Paper "The elevated crunch can be used to work the obliques. While lying with the legs elevated onto the bench, the arms are stretched in a V-shape above the head. The left arm is lifted slowly to reach across the torso to the left of the knees. This is repeated for the right arm. The obliques can also be exercised by lying on the floor with one knee at a 90o angle to the floor, and the other knee crossed over it. The hands are placed behind the head, and the opposite elbow raised to the crossed over knee. This is then repeated using the other knee and elbow. Another exercise for the obliques is to lie on the floor on one hip with bent legs crossed to the side. With the head and shoulder slightly lifted, the arms are stretched out, and the body is slowly rolled upward."
Abstract The paper discusses the rise of health clubs and other fitness related businesses. The author concludes that health food supplements, multiple-use gym equipment, personal trainers, and weight training are all lucrative business and will continue to be so in the future. This is found to be especially true for the Southern California region of the United States.
From the Paper "The latest estimates available from the International Health, Racquet and Sportsclub Association indicate that there are approximately 30 million adult members of fitness centers in the U.S. - and that this number is likely to grow to nearly 50 million by the year 2010. 1 The leading statistical research organization for the industry, American Sports Data Membership at health clubs jumped from 20.7 million in 1990 to 30.6 million in 1999, an increase of 48%. Even more ironically, the number of people who worked out frequently at clubs (100+ days) per year, soared by 84% during the same period. This was just one paradox found in a Tracking Study of Physical Fitness Behavior in the U.S. (1987 - 1999) released in July 2000 by ASD. 2"
Abstract This paper examines diet jokes and the Israeli women's attitude towards the diet culture. An analysis of jokes connected to dieting. An examination of the attitudes of women towards the pressures of dieting by relating to the themes revealed in diet jokes. The thesis is supported by interviews with Israeli women and participation in an Israeli weight watchers group.
Contents
Chapter 1:
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Origins of the "Diet Culture"
1.3 Diet Culture Ideology
1.4 Feminist Critique of the "Diet Culture"
1.5 Studying Culture through Humor
1.6 Overview of Following Chapters
Chapter 2: Field Methods:
2.1 The Field
2.2 The Research Population
2.3 Participant Observation as a "Native Anthropologist"
2.4 Text Analysis
Chapter 3: Diet Humor
3.1 The Difference between Diet Jokes and Fat Jokes
3.2 Themes in Diet Humor:
A. Diet Rules and Practice
B. Diet Products
C. Diet Culture Ideology
D. Clothes and Fashion
E. Diet Culture, Food and Social Interaction
Chapter 4: Discussion and Conclusions
4.1 Diet Humor as Resistance
4.2 Diet Humor as Solidarity between Women
4.3 Conclusion
Bibliography
Appendix
From the Paper "This M.A. thesis is an ethnographic study of humor produced and used by young Israeli women who are part of the Israeli "diet culture". The goal of this thesis is to answer the questions: what is "diet humor"? How does it relate to "diet culture"? What impact does it have on the everyday lives of young women in Israel and to answer the additional question: does the appearance of "diet humor" signify a form of resistance to the prevailing "diet culture"? As I will discuss further on in this chapter, "diet culture" is very closely linked to consumer culture (Bordo, 1995, Featherstone, 1991) and the capitalist market (Turner, 1982). Advertisers and the mass media, which are financed by advertising, construct its images. Purchasing and using a range of aggressively marketed diet "products" carry out its practices. In Israel, that seems to idealize American culture, many diet culture images and products have been imported from the USA and are currently being marketed by Israeli companies."
Abstract This paper attempts to explore the proper timing of amino acids and carbohydrates in regard to protein synthesis. It does this by examining the causes of catabolism and what happens during this process, by looking at the building blocks and the types of proteins involved in the process and by studying the function of insulin and how it functions in relation to the intake of carbohydrates.
From the Paper "The field of Biochemistry which ?studies the structure, synthesis and degradation of large molecules found in living cells, their metabolic regulation, and their expression (Spencer, 1997)? is known as molecular biology. These large molecules, or macromolecules, include DNA, RNA, proteins and carbohydrates, and their complexes."
Abstract This argumentative essay based on thorough analysis as well as extensive research revolves around and proves the following thesis statement - that there is a correlation between diet and cancer. It looks at the correlation between milk and dairy products and possible cancer developing cells; as well as various fruits and vegetables. It also looks at the risks of fried foods.
From the Paper "Diet is fuel for our body. On the same account a balanced nutritious intake is what a human body needs more than anything. Hence food is one of the most cardinal factors that determine the quality of our healthy as well as the longevity of our lives. Knowing which food to eat in what quantity and how food helps us in building our defence mechanisms is essential."
Abstract With the renewed emphasis on longevity, good health and performance, much public attention and scientific research ? and commercial activity ?has been focused on the role of creatine and whey protein on bodybuilding and health, particularly of athletes. This paper examines the effects of whey protein on the body. It discusses findings of research done on athletes to show how whey protein improves their performance. The paper also explores the useful applications from ingredients derived from whey protein.
From the Paper "Separate researches on the value of creatine on muscular and nervous diseases discovered its probable value in alleviating symptoms, such as muscle weakness and fatigue, rather than treat the diseases. These diseases include Lou Gehrig's disease, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and congestive heart failure. A study on mice at the Harvard Medical School and Cornell University bolstered previous studies and suggested that creatine may protect against Lou Gehrig's disease, having observed its efficacy at twice as that of an FDA-prescription drug, Riluzole, for treating the disease (Annussek). The usual dosage of creatine is 10-30 grams daily in several doses for four to six days, and a maintenance dose of 2-5 grams daily. There are as yet no known harmful effects of ingesting creatine, but kidney patients, young people below 16 and pregnant and breastfeeding women are cautioned against taking it for lack of sufficient medical findings of safety on their group."
Abstract This paper begins by comparing speeches by civil rights activists Martin Luther King, Jr ("I Have a Dream") and Malcolm X ("The Ballot or the Bullet"). It explains and compares the differences in tones, use of imagery and other techniques which made these two speeches so memorable. The paper then analyzes "Dying To Be Thin" by Jennifer Breuer to give an example of a speech which is more clinical and informative in nature. Women's rights activist, Elizabeth Cady Stanton's speech "The Declaration of Sentiments", given at the 1848 Seneca Falls Conference is then discussed as an example of a combination of learning, education, experience, eloquence and passion.
From the Paper "With this shift in language, and thus shift in perspective, Stanton makes a radical statement about the equality of women to men in the public sphere. This was something that most Americans in the middle of the 19th century did not believe (or had not considered). To be an effective advocate for her cause, Stanton had both to reveal and to conceal the truly radical nature of her ideas. By phrasing her analysis of women's rights in terms of the Declaration of Independence, Stanton was (implicitly) arguing that what she was arguing for was not radical, was simply a natural and even necessary extension of the rights of all and any Americans that the Revolutionary War had been fought to gain. But, by phrasing her analysis of women's rights in terms of the Declaration of Independence, Stanton was also (implicitly) arguing that her demands were as radical and as morally right as those demands made by the colonists to King George."
Abstract This paper explains how in "The Vegetarian Sports Nutrition Guide", author Lisa Dorfman outlines the basics of a nutrition plan geared towards turning your body into a ?plant-based sports machine.? Dorfman firmly believes that athletes can develop both strength and endurance on a vegetarian diet. It shows how she believes that people do not need to eat meat to develop strong, healthy bodies and to help a reader make the transition, she has written chapters devoted to calculating energy needs and recommendations for carbohydrate, protein, fat, fluids, vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals and dietary supplements.
From the Paper "Dorfman herself is living proof of what she writes about. Known as the ?Running Nutritionist,? Dorfman is an elite marathoner and triathlete, in addition to being a registered dietician with a Master's degree in Nutrition. A vegetarian since her teens, Dorfman credits her lifestyle as the major factor in her second place finish in the Olympic Marathons in Atlanta, as well as her top finishes in marathons and triathlons around the world."
Abstract Breastfeeding is often a choice that mothers make concerning how they want their babies to be fed. Some mothers want to feed their babies with breast milk until they are almost a year old while other mothers believe that breastfeeding a baby is important until they are almost three or four. This is a controversial issue that each mother must decide for herself. A mother should look at the facts about breastfeeding after the second year and make her own decision based on facts and not what others believe is good for the baby. My personal viewpoint is that each mother needs to decide what she wants and not let others put her down. In this paper, I will argue that there is no set age in which to stop breastfeeding because it is an individual decision that must be decided by the mother after considering the pros and cons of breastfeeding after a year or two.
Abstract Exercise affects bone density in children and adolescents. According to recent information from the government's first comprehensive study of sports injuries, 2.6 million children and young adults playing sports end up in the emergency room each year at a cost of $500 million.
Abstract Few people are prepared to eat a roasted rat in their regular dinner. The dietary law that Moses created in the form of commandments and judgments, broadly corresponds to many dietary food practices, which people follow without being aware that they were descended from the laws of the scripture. The aim of this paper is to explore the laws about clean and unclean food explicated in the books of Moses.
Abstract There is a very simple question we must ask ourselves: should we take legislative, personal, and systemic action now and make such action a permanent fixture in education, who's sole purpose is to prevent and protect children against the problems of obesity? The answer to this, clearly, is yes. It is hoped that, in this paper, the continued need for developing and implementing a variety of systemic programs whose intent is to tackle this issue of weight will be justified and such programs will continue to be explored and developed in the present and the future.
Abstract This paper examines several focal issues in sports medicine. The author focuses on exercises and their importance in sports medicine and in medicine in general.
