From the Paper
" The Hopi Indians of Northeast Arizona are the "peaceful ones" who are native Americans who have survived for centuries, enduring forms of adversity from the harsh desert weather to the encroachment of Spanish explorers and missionaries. This ability to carry on through generations, with constant natural forces threatening their existence, is most certainly a function of the Hopi's moral code and the social and spiritual values that the Indians possess. Like the tree that bends with the wind, the Hopi clans have remained flexible in their beliefs. This has quite possibly been at the root of their strong will to carry cn an age-old style of life. "The Hopi are not given to setting forth doctrines or principles of conduct. Although a belief may be firm(...)"

Tags: INDIAN

From the Paper
"The New Echota Treaty of 1835 negotiated what is commonly called the Cherokee Removal. Because the treaty was not supported or sanctioned by the majority of the Cherokee Nation, its enforcement was costly to the U.S. Government and deadly to the Cherokee people. President Andrew Jackson found a way to negotiate an agreement with subchief John Ridge, who apparently did not represent the wishes of the Indians. Cherokee Chief John Ross opposed any treaty to expulse the Cherokees from their land. After Senate ratification in 1836, several U.S. leaders as well as Ross approached the president and Senate about modifying the treaty. Unable to reach a compromise with Ross two years later, the new president, Martin Van Buren, ordered the Indians forcibly removed with great loss of life. Historical accounts differ regarding the culpability of both Ridge and Ross in the less- ... "

From the Paper
"John G. Bourke. On the Border with Crook. Lincoln: University
of Nebraska Press, 1971. (originally published 1891.)


America's nineteenth-century Indian Wars are out of fashion today. The contemporary popular-culture version of these wars, in the movie "Dances with Wolves," is a cartoon image that simply stands old "B" western stereotypes on their heads, with noble Indians and brutalized soldiers. The only battles in the Indian Wars that remain household names today are an Indian victory, Little Big Horn, and the late episode at Wounded Knee, remembered now as a massacre rather than a battle. The only American military man now remembered as an "Indian fighter" is General George Custer (Other famous Americans were Indian fighters, notably President Andrew Jackson and many Civil War generals. But only Custer is now remembered for his exploits against..."

From the Paper
"On December 29, 1890, an incident occurred in South Dakota which is now known as the Battle at Wounded Knee. At that time, the United States government was using its army to control the Sioux population in the area. The white settlers and soldiers in the area were afraid of a possible Indian insurrection. The white authorities were particularly concerned about the Sioux Chief Big Foot. Big Foot had arrived in South Dakota with a band of followers for the purpose of attending a meeting with other Sioux leaders. On December 28, Big Foot and his band were captured by the 7th Cavalry and brought to a campsite at Wounded Knee for detention. The following morning, while the soldiers were disarming the warriors of the band, a fight broke out. This fight turned into a massacre when the soldiers started firing into the crowd. As the Indian women and children tried to flee..."

From the Paper
"In this paper, two articles about love and marriage traditions within different Indian tribes or nations will be presented. The first article, entitled "A Fox Woman Finds True Love," (Michelson, 1925) is about a woman from a Fox Indian tribe, and it tells, in her narration, the story of how she found true love in marriage. The second, called "Polygamy in Canada," (de Charlevoix, 1761) was written by a European who had come to the Americas to study the Indians here. He tells in his own words, and from his own viewpoint, the customs and meanings of traditions within several Indian tribes around the Great Lakes area. These two articles will be compared and contrasted with each other, showing how the tribes are alike and similar, how the authors might be biased and in what ways, and what someone can learn about love and marriage by reading about these Indian ..."

From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine the issue of indigenous American Indians living in the US. The plan of the research will be to set forth the background in which such modern controversial matters as self-determination for indigenous peoples, colonialism past and present, and cultural identities inform the modern debate over the political status of American Indians, and then to discuss relevant issues raised in the international community regarding the assertion of fundamental human rights of the indigenous, including their specific political status under international law.

The impulse toward overtaking the rights of indigenous peoples in the U.S. took hold most decisively in the years following the Civil War. Nugent describes the mass movements westward as the American equivalent of empire building, and the ..."

From the Paper
"This study will compare two North American Indian tribes, the Seminoles and the Apaches. The study will consider their origins, culture and lifestyles, religions, family structures, use of medicines, enemies and allies, and land issues.

With respect to the origins of the Seminoles, we discover that they were originally a part of the Creek Indians in the early 18th century, when they settled in what had formerly been the territory of the Apalachees in Florida. They grew in numbers and strength, drawing runaway slaves into their fold, along with remaining Apalachees. They were ruled by the Spanish as the nation of the United States began to be formed, and as such they fought regular battles with American troops then and into the 19th century. One treaty called for them to move west, but their chief Osceola refused, leading to the eight-year Seminole War ..."

From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine racial inequality in America through a comparative and historical perspective. The plan of the research will be to set forth the context in which analysis of the issue can most usefully be considered, and then discuss the experience of blacks, Native Americans, Chicanos, and Asians from the nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth century.


The history of racial inequality in America is above all a history of moral division and physical separation. While, as we shall see, this may be less true of the modern period than it was in the 19th century, the fact that the subject of race and culture is a matter of such vigorous debate in the country makes the point that the residue of division within a well-defined social structure remains strong. Takaki understands that this is in the background of the American culture, across races, which is..."

From the Paper
"The Legalization of Gambling in the United States


This paper will examine the history of legal gambling in the United States, the experiences of New Jersey and Indian tribes with legal casino gaming, and the arguments for and against legal gambling.


Legal gambling in the United States has a history which goes back to the earliest colonial period. The first permanent colonial settlement, Jamestown, was financed in large part by private lotteries in England. The colony itself quickly earned a reputation for gambling in the early 17th Century; settlers were even reputed to have bet their indentured servants in games. Blamed for the settlement's near failure, however, most serious forms of gambling were outlawed in the colony by 1612 (Findlay, 1986, pp. 12-13)."

From the Paper
" October 12, 1992 marks the 500th anniversary of Christopher Columbus' discovery of America. In the contemporary global mood, however, this is less an occasion for celebration than for meditation.. Just when business and government sponsors of the Columbus Quincentennial--the marketing extravaganza designed to mark the explorer's landing on the continent--thought the celebration would run smoothly, groups of Indian activists and artists staged protests throughout the country.

On one side of this controversy were the Columbus boosters--the U.S. and Spanish governments, national and multi-national corporations--all hoping to profit politically, culturally, and economically from this event. On the other side of this disputed moment in history are the American Indians and their supporters--who no longer are willing to allow the glorification of.."

From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine the image of the Indian in the 19th-century American historical novel. The plan of the research will be to set forth a survey of discussions of American historical novels that portray Indian characters and life, with a view toward identifying American writers' trends and attitudes in the 19th century toward native Americans, and then to discuss how those attitudes framed and shaped more general perceptions of Indians in the mainstream culture as a whole. As we shall see, the weight of evidence from Indian portrayals on the whole is that they serve narrative more than insight. In particular, the presumption of Indian displacement by white culture pervades much 19th-century historical fiction.


Differences in perception about whether the displacement is just or unjust largely surface more as a matter of degree than..."

From the Paper
"This study will examine the effect of the point of view of author Anastasia M. Shkilnyk on her analysis of the material in her book A Poison Stronger Than Love: The Destruction of An Ojibwa Community. The study will argue that Shkilnyk's point of view is entirely sympathetic with the beleaguered members of the tragic community she studies, but at the same time she strives to maintain an objective stance as a scholarly observer. Obviously, the compassion of the author marks the entire book, but there is no claim that is not supported by the evidence. What Shkilnyk manages to do is find a balance among competing points of view within herself.


We see the author's humane concern in her Introduction, in which she declares her subject: "This book is about the origins of suffering in the life of these Indian people" (2). In fact, it..."

From the Paper
"North American Indians share a belief in a supernatural being representing a god, and practice religions based in myth and rituals. They have a profusion of tales regarding the origin of the world and what makes nature work (Hultkrantz 30). The purpose of this paper will be to discuss one of these tribes, the Hopi of the Pueblo Nation, and its religious beliefs, with particular emphasis on the person, spirit or God who the culture thinks can control the weather or alter it. The research also will present this culture's view of the end of the world and compare it to others within the Pueblo and Indian nations.
The Pueblos, comprised of many linguistic families, are primarily found throughout the area now known as New Mexico. Sedentary agriculturists, they lived in stone or adobe community houses which made up villages called pueblos and were noted for..."

From the Paper
"Although Wisconsin v. Yoder was the first decision by the Supreme Court to uphold the rights of religious dissenters (the Amish) to forgo compulsory education requirements, the case did not set a clear precedent of judicial tolerance for the practices of other religious minority groups. On the contrary, lower courts and the Supreme Court itself have subsequently ruled against religious minorities (most notably, Native Americans) when the practice of their religions conflicted with government interests. Some anthropologists claim that the Amish were given preferential treatment in Wisconsin v. Yoder because the nature of their religion conformed to the prevailing WASP norms and mores.

The controversy that led to Wisconsin v. Yoder began in 1968 when school officials in New Glarus, Wisconsin filed suit against ... "

From the Paper
"The recent film version of The Last of the Mohicans (1992) takes certain liberties with the original story in an attempt to create a saga far more romantic than James Fenimore Cooper would ever have imagined. The novel was part of a series of novels known collectively as "The Leatherstocking Tales," of which there are five, all produced between 1823 and 1841. The Last of the Mohicans was the second in the series in the order written, though the chronological order of the novels would be different, with the first story chronologically being the last of the five novels produced. Cooper was the first major American novelist, and his books are infused with an understanding of the colonial period, though Cooper himself was born not only after that era but after the founding of the country in 1776. Cooper was born in 1789 and died in 1851. His most popular novel was probably ..."