Abstract This review of Alzheimer's disease (AD) focuses on the various causes of the disease. It is a compilation of material gathered from various scientific journals. The review begins by giving an introduction of AD followed by a discussion of various factors believed to cause AD, such as: amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, apolipoprotein E, and genetic factors. The author concludes by stressing the need for more research into the causes of AD.
Introduction
Overview of Alzheimer's Disease
Pathological Causes of Alzheimer's Disease
Amyloid Plaques
Neurofibrillary Tangles
Genetic Factors in the Development of Alzheimer's Disease
Chromosome 19 and Apolipoprotein E
Other Genetic Factors
Presenilin
Conclusion
From the Paper "Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive memory loss and dementia. The precise mechanisms that cause AD are still unknown, however, certain factors that predispose individuals to Alzheimer's disease have been identified. Although no definitive cause has yet been discovered, this article reviews current research into various possible causes of AD, including the pathological causes, such as amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Also the genetic factors that cause AD, such as apolipoprotein E (apoE) and presenilin gene."
Abstract This is an examination of possible human error at work and the consequences. The author discusses various safety precautions such as safety procedures and training for personnel and the possible accidents that can occur if these are to be ignored.
From the Paper "Human error is something that affects many workers in the industrial world but with the correct safety procedures and precautions at the workplace it can be decreased. To begin discussion of human error it must be understood that a variety of contributors can be classified as human error. As described by Fred Manuele some of these factors are a system in which there is unnecessary danger or difficulty, inadequate facilities or information to the operator, and increased performance beyond what the operator can handle (153). Human error can be defined as the failure of planned actions to achieve their desired ends, without the intervention of some unforeseeable event (Kantowitz 30)."
Tags: island, mile, occupational, hazards, accident, precaution, risk, union
Abstract This paper discusses the controversial issue of cloning. It analyzes the moral and ethical implications of cloning and whether it is correct to conduct cloning at all. The paper describes the origins of cloning, the methods currently used and the problems with the process.
From the Paper " Cloning can basically be described as the copying of genes and other pieces of chromosomes to generate identical material. Two other types of cloning produce complete, genetically identical animals. Blastomere separation (sometimes called "twinning" after the naturally occurring process that creates identical twins) involves splitting a developing embryo soon after fertilization of the egg by a sperm (sexual reproduction) to give rise to two or more embryos (Wilmut, 998). The resulting organisms are identical twins (clones) containing DNA from both the mother and the father. The second type of cloning that is more controversial in terms of its moral and ethical implications is when the identical material that has been generated consists of the DNA of only one parent. With the innovation of the second type of cloning that came primarily with the birth of Dolly, a number of moral, social, ethical and legal issues were raised with regard to it. Religious and social organizations were outraged at the prospect of creating animals (not to forget humans) that did not involve the natural process of conception. The right to create a life, they claimed was after all ultimately in the hands of the Creator and to play around with that was tantamount to interrupting the path of Nature (Wilmut, 1998). However before one moves on to discuss the moral and ethical dilemmas of cloning, it is important to briefly study the history of this controversial process."
Abstract This paper studies the arguments raised both against and in support of animal testing. It is believed that animals are subjected to cruelty during researches but medical science feels it would absolutely unwise to ban animal testing altogether as it would hinder the progress being made in different branches. It is therefore important to study the subject of animal experimentation in order to find out which group has more valid arguments in support of their stance.
From the Paper "Animal testing is the most commonly used method in not only medical research but also all other kind of scientific research, which has resulted in worldwide protests. It is believed that since many animals are subjected to cruelty during the research, it is an unethical practice, which must be banned. Even animal testing for cosmetic products has also been widely condemned. ?According to a 1994 study of the Tufts University Center for Animals and Public Policy, as many as 50 million or more animals were used each year in American medical research before 1970. Because of the growing influence of animal protection groups, this number had declined to an estimated 20 million animals in 1992.?" (http://www.tufts.edu/vet/cfa/index.html)
Abstract This paper takes a look at the obsession that women have about their weight and size. It claims that advertising, social pressure and media all have major roles in fanning this obsession. It provides a history of the fashion industry and show how this too has influenced this phenomena.
From the paper:
"36-24-36? Those numbers might not mean a thing to some, but for many women, they are the hallmark of western society's obsession with weight. Everywhere you look, scantily clothed women with well-defined midriffs are smiling back from televisions, movie screens, magazines, and billboards. The advertising world wants you to believe that these women have it all: they are beautiful, they are thin, and as a result, they are happier than you. While most people would agree that this is certainly not true, a growing number of women are left wondering: Do I have to be thin to have it all?"
Abstract An argumentative paper defending assisted suicide and supporting the reasons for legalizing assisted suicide. The author discusses the moral and ethical issues concerning euthanasia.
From the Paper "30 years ago, assisted suicide was not a concern of our public. It wasn't talked about, and no one consciously recognized that this was going on. It wasn't really until between 1990 and 1998 that assisted suicide was brought to our attention by the trial of Jack Kevorkian. Assisted suicide is said to be; when one person provides another person with the tools to take their own life, knowing that this is the intent. That would be like when a doctor inserts the IV with a lethal injection, and the patient pushes the button. On a quick note, assisted suicide should not be confused with euthanasia, where another person delivers the fatality to the person to be euthanized (Euthanasia, 1)."
Abstract This paper takes an in depth look at the ways in which pharmaceutical companies unscrupulously put profit before people. Five of the main ways in which they do this that are discussed are; manipulation of research, undue influence over doctors prescribing practices, direct-to-consumer advertising, discrediting of their competitors pharmaceutical and natural alike, and investing only in profitable research. Each topic is discussed thoroughly with credible sources to back the data up.
From the Paper "The pharmaceutical industry wants people to believe that their main goal is to help people. The Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) has even begun airing feel-good commercials featuring people whose lives have been saved by medications. In reality, they spend billions of dollars every year to ensure their true purpose, maximum profit. Their influence begins in the research lab, where the sponsor, usually a pharmaceutical company with a huge financial stake in the findings, has more to say over how the study is conducted and what information is released then the actual investigators, leading some of the foremost medical journals in the world to fight back with strict guidelines. After the pharmaceutical companies get their products approved, they engage in a campaign of bribery to persuade doctors to prescribe their name brand, expensive drugs over their competitor's products. Not wanting to leave it up to the doctors alone to endorse their products, the pharmaceutical industry has started advertising directly to an unwitting populace, on television and in popular magazines. Pharmaceutical companies use their political power and vast economic resources to discredit and undermine non-drug treatment options for various diseases, particularly by attacking the burgeoning field of holistic medicine. Furthermore, the pharmaceutical companies have a long history of not investing in research that would lead to drugs for diseases that effect the world's poor, because there is little profit to be made in developing nations. Through various immoral practices, the pharmaceutical companies put profit ahead of the interests, health and safety of consumers. "
Abstract This paper focuses on the causes and treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, a type of autoimmune disorder that often mimics the symptoms of other connective tissue disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis. The author discusses which groups of people are most affected by lupus, what drugs are required, and what research is being conducted to combat this chronic disease.
From the Paper "Lupus is a debilitating illness for its sufferers and for the members of a sufferer's family. Four out of 10,000 people a year are diagnosed with lupus, and many may be suffering the ailment, undiagnosed. This paper will focus on the causes and treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), which is the form of the disease in common parlance referred to by the general term "lupus." The word "systemic" means the disease can affect many parts of the body, unlike Discoid Lupus Erythematosus that primarily affects the skin. SLE is a chronic disease, unlike Drug-induced Lupus that is caused by medication, or Neonatal Lupus that affects newborn babies of women who have Systemic Lupus Erythematosus."
Abstract This presentation examines the current growing controversy over the educational preparedness of the nurse. The paper covers the following question: Is the minimal competency to be considered a professional a diploma, associates degree or a baccalaureate? A comparison is made between the most popular nursing program: the associate degree to the purported panacea of nursing education: the BSN.
From the Paper "The theory being researched states entry-level registered nurses should be baccalaureate prepared (BSN). This proposition is met with a plethora of mixed and heartfelt feelings, and with good reason. To research the subject being partial to the Associate prepared nurse, I was faced with some bias. First of all, it is important for professional registered nurses to realize that they are just that: professionals. Many proponents of the BSN feel that in order for nurses to be regarded as such, they need a four-year degree. The American Nurses Association (ANA) believes that baccalaureate-nursing education is necessary to prepare the nursing workforce for the challenges of a complex and changing health care system (Con?, 2000"
Abstract The writers shows that mandatory overtime can be a source of stress for the nurses in all aspects of their lives. It examines how this escalating crisis is affecting nurses' physical health and how their overworked, overtired and burned out bodies are really having an impact on the way they care for patients.
From the Paper "This problem is best explained starting with how it affects the nurse physically. These problems mainly consist of prolonged exposure to hazards, fatigue and stress. ?Longer shifts mean that nurses spend more time being exposed to the risks of chemical exposure, infectious agents, and injury (Worthington, 2001). Biohazards and chronic injuries also exist, "They complain of back injuries and risky accidents with contaminated needles" (2001). Nurses are in the business of making decisions that can affect whether a patient lives or dies. Nurses are also expected to care for themselves during these times. This includes transportation to and from work. ? There are few statistics on the number of car accidents related to fatigue from having to work extended hours because fatalities that occur while driving home after double shifts are not counted as workplace fatalities? (2001). Stress can also have a profound effect on the body making nurses prone to having poor physical condition."
Abstract This paper discusses what Alzheimer Disease is and what the causes and effects of the disease are. It further examines available treatment for this conditions and investigates new breakthroughs in the medical field regarding treatment. The writer also looks at the predisposition of the disease and its patient.
From the Paper "Alzheimer disease (AD) is a progressive neuro-degenerative disease. It is characterized by memory loss, language deterioration, impaired visuospatial skills, poor judgment, and an indifferent attitude (NINDS, pg). This disease was first described by the German physician, Alois Alzheimer, 90 years ago (Manbir, pg). Alzheimer first demonstrated the typical microscopic changes in the autopsy of a woman in her 50's who had suffered what seemed to be a mental illness. Through the microscope he saw brain cells filled with twisted strands of fiber and surrounded by dense deposits (Manbir, pg). These features are the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. In this disorder gradual decline of brain function leads inevitably to death which can be anywhere from three to twenty years after the disease is diagnosed (Manbir, pg). AD is a progressive disease and its course varies from person to person. The most common cause of death in Alzheimer's patients is infection (NINDS, pg)."
Abstract The writer shows how modern day nursing has changed dramatically to become more specialized. Based on these changes and the increasing need for flexibility, the writer asks whether is it still possible, or desirable, for modern nursing to base its practices on theories such as The Neuman Systems Model, whose broad, rigid ideas were developed in order to tackle challenges which were very different from those faced in the 21st century.
From the Paper "In addressing the remaining factors of the nursing metaparadigm, The Neuman System's Model, describes the environment as the totality of internal and external forces with which a person interacts and, additionally, identifies a 'created' environment, which is one that is created and developed unconsciously by the client. The model views health as being synonymous with wellness, and considers that each individual adopts a constantly changing position at some point along a wellness-illness continuum, their position at any given point in time being dependent on their interactions with, and reaction to, the environmental stressors."
Abstract The author of this paper defines this life-threatening eating disorder, Anorexia Nervosa, by examining its general characteristics and issues related to it. The paper studies behavioral and psychological symptoms of the disease and discusses its medical consequences. Finally, treatment and prevention are discussed.
From the Paper "What makes anorexia nervosa particularly difficult to treat is the fact that many individuals deny they have a problem and resist treatment. Some fear that treatment will involve gaining weight. Recovery from anorexia nervosa, like recovery from any emotional or physical disorder, long, uncertain process that is often filled with bumps. Researchers estimate that of those diagnosed with anorexia nervosa, 42% recover, 30% improve somewhat, and more than 20% suffer from a chronic eating disorder."
Abstract The paper defines a cochlear implant as a device which converts sound waves into electric signals and thus allows the hearing impaired to hear at a greater level than a hearing aid provides. The paper discusses the effects that cochlear implants have on childhood development, focusing on children from one to four years of age. The paper explores the issues of speech recognition/language, academic concerns, social ramifications and family relationships.
From the Paper "The University of Michigan performed the largest study ever on Cochlear implants and released the findings in January of last year. Researchers found that children who are implanted with cochlears before the age of four are able to achieve high levels of speech recognition and language skills. Dr. Paul Kileny establishes that research shows ?a significant difference in speech recognition between those who got their implants between the ages of 2 and 4 years, during the critical language development period, and those who received them later.? He concluded that people who receive the implant early in life get the greatest benefits."
Tags: deaf, American, Medical, Association, sign, language
Abstract This research demonstrates that not enough reliable evidence exists about the effects of Genetically Modified Foods to determine that they are safe. The writer claims that genetically modified foods should be banned until further testing, better evaluation methods, and valid studies on their safety and long term effects can be studied.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Problems with Testing and Assessment
Health Canada Proposal
United Nations Proposal
Environmental Concerns
False information
Withheld Information
Health Effects
Resistance to Antibiotics
New Allergens
Public Opinion
Fears
Controversy over Testing and Labeling Issues
Conclusion
From the Paper "Scientists claim that genetically modified foods (GMOs) can hold the key to the solution of many problems facing our world today. They have led to the development and production of new drugs, and could supply the answer on how to feed a growing population on limited space. The developers of Genetically Modified Foods report that they are completely safe and recite a list of our scientific advancements in the field in an attempt to gain public confidence. Farmers and grocery stores seem divided on the subject. Many grocery stores simply do not mention the subject as long as they are making profit. Farmers are divided and fear that if the public does not accept these new items, they will not buy them. In addition, farmers must be concerned about the long-term effects on their land. There are two sides on this issue, big business touts it as the greatest breakthrough of modern time, but skeptics are not so sure."
