Abstract This paper explains the pros and cons of human cloning and provides enough information on both sides of the argument for the reader to make his or her own informed decision on whether human cloning is ethical or not. This paper presents several areas, including the definition of cloning, an explanation of why questions concerning the cloning of humans have arisen, and a discussion of the facts and opinions that support cloning.
From the Paper "A young couple were married for only three years when the husband was in a terrible car accident. He was unconscious at the scene of the accident and went into a coma shortly after arriving at the emergency room. Although he eventually awoke from the coma, he never returned to his previous level of consciousness. He had suffered severe head trauma and would live out the rest of his days as a vegetable. The wife was very distraught because they had both wanted to have children and now they would be unable to do so. Over the past several years, she had heard a lot amount cloning but wasn't sure it could be done in her case. She believed it was the only way that she and her husband could have children together. Introduction The ethics of human cloning has become a great issue in the past few years. The advocates for both sides of the issue have many reasons to clone or not to clone."
Abstract This paper explains that stressors in the work setting predispose individuals to stress reactions, physiological responses and psychological responses, which are factors associated with the stress faced by nurses The author points out that the first step in reducing stress is recognizing that stress exists and talking about it; nurses need to have realistic expectations of themselves and others, remembering that nobody is perfect. The paper relates that many women in western cultures experience more stress than men do because, as women entered the workforce, they face the effects of their multiple roles; in addition, women and men appear to have different biological responses to stressors.
Table of Contents
Stress: Wilson Concept Analysis
Isolating Questions of Concept and Answers
Model Case
Contrary Case
Related Case
Culture
Women
Conclusion
From the Paper "There are many sources of stress. Stress can be a result of physical, psychological, and social stressors. Stressors are the stimulus that throws the body's equilibrium out of balance. Stressors can be both internal and external. External stressors include adverse physical conditions su ch as pain or hot or cold temperatures or stressful psychological environments such as poor working conditions or abusive relationships. Internal stressors include physical infections, inflammation or psychological stressors. An example of an internal psychological stressor is intense worry about a harmful event that may or may not occur. Psychological and social stressors are more subjective than physical stress. Stressors in the work setting predispose individuals to stress reactions, physiological responses, and psychological responses."
Abstract The writer of this well-researched paper details the health risks which can and do result, due to the use of hormones in the beef produced in America and around the world. This paper traces the use of hormones in beef back to the 1970s, when the U.S. began using hormones to accelerate the growth rate of animals in an effort to conserve time and money. The writer contends that over 95% of the cattle in the U.S. are currently being administered growth promoting hormones. This paper examines the ongoing conflict between the U.S., the European Union and Canada over the ban on cattle products produced with growth hormones. Since the 1950s, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), has been researching the effects of growth hormones and it, as well as other scientific experts, have found that there is no difference between beef raised on hormones and those raised without. This paper delves into the various FDA laws which permit the use of hormones in restricted amounts. The writer of this paper also focuses on the health risks involved with the ingestion of these hormones. Scientists and health experts contend that any increase in the level of hormones, above that which occurs naturally in humans, carries a potential risk of carcinogenic effects.
From the Paper "Beginning in the 1970's the United State's meat industry began using hormones to improve the growth rate of animals in an effort to conserve time and money. In 1981, the European Union began restricting the use of growth hormones within the Union itself, and also began restricting the import of meat and meat products derived from cattle that had been given hormones. During the past years, the European Union have updated and/or amended its regulations several times, generally to include more hormones, however, for the most part, the regulations have remained the same. The dispute at the World Trade Organization concerns the use of six scientifically approved hormones used for cattle growth promotion, estradiol, melengestrol acetate, progesterone, testosterone, trenbolone acetate, and zeranol."
Abstract This paper outlines the reasons for the nursing shortage, and how these problems came about. It also explores some of the measures being taken to reverse the trend.
From the Paper "The nursing shortage in the United States and throughout the world is reaching staggering proportions. Cooper Statistics show that half the nursing workforce will reach retirement age in years adding to the problem. Between and the average age of registered...."
Abstract This paper compares and contrasts the traditional nursing theory of Dorothea Orem (Self-Care Deficit Theory)with the holistic theory of Martha Rogers (Science of Unitary Human Beings). It discusses self-care as a learned behavior.
From the Paper "Dorothea Orem and Martha Rogers are two prominent nursing theorists with distinct theories on nursing. Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory originated in and included three corollary theories ... "
Tags: nursing theorists, Dorothea Orem, Martha Rogers, Self-Care Deficit Theory, Science of Unitary Human Beings
Abstract This paper presents an analysis of Pfizer, the largest American pharmaceutical company, the company's strategic priorities and an analysis of an acquisition. The paper includes a SWOT analysis of the company's strengths and weaknesses and the opportunities and threats it faces.
From the Paper "Pfizer is the largest American pharmaceutical company and one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world. It competes with Merck and Glaxo and markets such well-known medications as Celebrex and Viagra ..."
Abstract This paper explores the importance of cultural diversity in nursing. The paper examines both the legal, and the moral/ethical obligations of professionals in the field to represent and embrace diversity. The paper concludes that in order to reach this goal, nursing education must include more trans-cultural coursework and emphasis.
From the Paper "Developing sensitivity to diversity is not only a legal obligation in the United States. It is also a moral and ethical obligation that speaks directly to aspects of the social contract and the longstanding human need..."
Abstract This paper discusses the hospital accreditation process as directed by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Organizations (JCAHO). The paper begins with a brief review of the strengths and weaknesses of the process. Then the paper cites criteria for accreditation, including standards and code of ethics.
Abstract This paper examines the impact of stigma on attitudes about HIV/AIDS. The author points out relating cultural norms and customs and treatment. The paper explores public health policies in various societies worldwide.
From the Paper "HIV is both a medical and societal problem. HIV attacks and breaks down the body's immune system weakening or destroying protection against illness often life-threatening. AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) occurs if people with HIV develop a badly damaged immune system or one of the serious infections connected with HIV. According to the United Nations, an estimated ...million people are living with HIV and two million are children. Three million people died of AIDS in with more than five million infected with the disabling disease. Clinton ..."
Abstract This paper explains the rapid growth of obesity statistics among U.S. minority children and adolescents. The author points out the serious consequences including related diseases. The paper relates ethnic attitudes and suggests interventions.
From the Paper "In the ...st century, obesity has become an epidemic and obesity in non-white non-European ancestry in the United States is a major problem. It is estimated that more than ...million Americans are obese with three million morbidly obese and childhood obesity is on the rise especially among minorities. The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey reveals that ethnic minority children in the United States are at particular risk for development of cardiovascular disease due to their disproportionate levels of obesity. Obesity is the most frequent ..."
Abstract This paper reviews the philosophies and frameworks of contemporary nursing theorists and various institutional philosophies of professional nursing. The paper defines the elements of philosophy development and how the author's philosophy supports professional practice.
From the Paper "Nursing philosophy refers to the concepts, notions, assumptions and postulates that underpin the practice of nursing. The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief overview of the philosophies and frameworks of contemporary nursing theorists as related to the institutions of nursing, the individual health care environment, health and illness and the nursing practice itself. The models selected were the Roy Adaptation Model of Nursing, Dorothy Johnson's Behavioral System Model, Betty Neuman's Systems Model, Dorothea Orem's Self-Care Model and Imogene King's..."
Abstract This paper presents an overview of the problem of burnout in nurses. The paper discusses burnout as related to age, gender, education and length of employment. In addition, the paper discusses psychological factors and work characteristics as they relate to the problem of burnout in nurses and reviews Maslach's Burnout Inventory Survey Instrument.
From the Paper "This review of the literature focuses on the topic of burnout in nurses. Burnout related to age and gender and education and length of employment are presented followed by a review of the Maslach Burnout Inventory survey instrument and a conclusion. Aiken Clarke Sloane Sochalski and Siber reported that hospital nurse shortages are due in part to nurse burnout. As a result research has focused on reasons for this burnout and how to retain nurses."
Abstract This paper examines the arguments concerning euthanasia and whether the practice of euthanasia can be considered ethical or even justified. The paper discusses and explains voluntary and involuntary euthanasia and looks at how the Utilitarian philosophy can be applied to this issue. The paper also looks at how arguments of Peter Singer apply to this topic.
From the Paper "The debate over euthanasia begins with the definition of the word itself. Today people distinguish between active and passive euthanasia as well as voluntary and involuntary euthanasia. The distinction between active and passive euthanasia would seem to be straightforward. Active euthanasia occurs when someone actively brings about someone's death as in through an injection of a toxic substance. Passive euthanasia, on the other hand, occurs when someone refuses to intervene actively in order to prevent someone else's death. For example, in a real life hospital setting a..."
Abstract This article examines Florence Nightingale's contributions to the nursing profession. The writer discusses how she transformed the whole practice of nursing into a profession. The writer uses different sources to demonstrate that Florence Nightingale's achievements produced many contributions to nursing theory in addition to the nursing practice.
From the Paper "Gorrell states that Florence Nightingale, the founder of modern nursing, transformed the practice into a respectable profession and set the standards for clean and safe hospitals throughout the world. The purpose of this paper is to review the multiple accomplishments of Florence Nightingale and their contribution to the nursing profession. Clearly one of the ways in which Florence Nightingale advanced the profession of nursing was in her concern for hygiene. Gillian points out that part and parcel of ... "
Abstract This paper integrates the nurse's role as teacher and educator with the Health Promotion Model. The paper addresses such issues as the client's need for health promotion, the professional nurse's role in teaching and learning, perceived barriers of the Health Promotion Model, and the integration of the nurse's role and the Health Promotion Model.
From the Paper "The role of the nurse is ever-evolving in today's health-care arena. Long seen as merely an assistant role, and one that did not necessitate responsibility, it has now become a role of being a teacher and educator. One of the main theories that is leading the way in health care today is that of the Health Promotion Model. This model envisions a way for those seeking health care to promote and better their own health and lifestyles. These two ideas, the nurse as teacher and the Health Promotion Model, converge."
