Abstract This paper discusses breast implants and the risks involved. Social, psychological and health issues are discussed as they relate to teenagers undergoing breast implant surgery. Financial considerations are highlighted as well. Various opinions from professionals on the prudence of this surgery for teens are offered.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Background: What is a Breast Implant?
Problem
Purpose of Report
Scope
Discussion
Why Teenagers should not use Breast Implants
What are Alternatives to Breast Implants
Pros and Cons of Breast Implants
Social/Psychological/Emotional Effects on Teenagers
Ethical Issues
Conclusion
From the Paper "For several decides women have been undergoing breast augmentation in the way of breast implants. It is a procedure designed to enhance the size of a women's breast and millions of females have had it done. In more recent years however, the attention has turned to teenage girls. More and more teen girls are asking for surgeons to perform surgery on them and give them breast implants. Brittany Spears, the famous teen idol singer, is reputed to have had the surgery performed several years ago. There has been a lot of controversy over the implants in general. Some now claim that they have become diseased from the implants and that the implants are making them sick. Teenagers are at an increased risk for problems when it comes to breast implants."
Abstract The writer gives a brief history of female genital mutilation (FGM) including the different types, the reasons behind this occurrence and why it continues today. The paper looks at FGM in Egypt and Kenya and the policies in each of these countries are outlined in detail. The author explains that in Egypt FGM began for religious reasons and despite many challenges to the validity of the Fatwa, or religious decree, continues to this day. According to the paper, the rate is smaller than in previous generations, but it still continues to pose a threat to the lives of young girls in the country. In the case of Kenya, it began as a rite of passage, which largely went unnoticed by the rest of the world until the early 1960s when Kenya wanted independence and suddenly found this practice under scrutiny by the rest of the western world. The paper also discusses the United Nations and World Agency positions on FGM in order to help understand what attempts are being made by the world community to try to stop this practise on the grounds that it is a violation of human rights.
From the Paper "Data from the Adolescence and Social Change in Egypt survey suggest significant recent change in both the prevalence and practices surrounding female circumcision. After apparently remaining constant and nearly universal for several decades, prevalence among contemporary teenage girls is predicted to be more than 10 percent less than for their mothers. Still, the level of circumcision among Egyptian girls is high. Our data do not allow us to pinpoint the onset of the decline, but they do suggest an increased momentum in the years following 1994. Without further measurement at later time points, we cannot be certain that uncircumcised girls in the ASCE sample will avoid circumcision in the future. However, analysis of girls' own attitudes toward the practice hint that increasing age brings greater independence of thought and diminished support for circumcision (Nawal, 1980)."
Abstract A paper which explores how the media contributes to the bad eating habits of the American people. It examines issues such as advertising, projection of the "cool" or perfect image, targeting of children, dental problems and health issues. The paper also discusses ways in which the media can be used to deliver positive and educational messages.
From the Paper "Children are an easy and promising market. According to MediaQuotient research, an American child watches TV for 25 hours a week; some of the children have television set in their bedroom, where they can spend time relaxing in bed watching their favorite cartoon with an ice cream gallon in hand. Families also often have their television on during meals, as 18% of the participants say always, 22% say often, and 26% do it sometimes, showing that much of the time they are exposed to TV shows and commercials."
Abstract The first part of this paper traces the recent and forecasted implementation of therapeutic cloning. The second part of the paper explores the ethical, legal and religious controversy in creating a human replication.
From the Paper "Advanced technology has allowed human to secure the genetic information found on cells to generate the replication of organism's tissue and use it for cloning. Therapeutic cloning is believed to be the breakthrough in medical advancement to recover people with such disease and also develop tissue from the contained information of the genes in the stem cells that allow people to experience genetic defects correction and tissue or organ transplant. However, until now this issue has been in serious debate regarding the ethical, legal, and religious controversy in creating a human replication, which is against nature. As more consideration emerges, this debate is also carried out nationally and internationally, requiring more regulations applied for cloning research and application."
Tags: implementation, moral, debate, genetic, ethical, legal, religious
Abstract This paper discusses the introduction of the birth control pill, outlining society's concept of a woman's duties from pre-1920's and up to the surge of the feminist movement. The paper explains how the popularity of the birth control pill, and the feminist movement has made a major impact on the difference of the roles and lifestyles of women. This paper also takes a look at the positive impact birth control has had on preventing AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases.
Table of Contents
Background
Birth Controls Impact on Society
AIDS
Conclusion
From the Paper "The popularity of the birth control pill brought the world into the sexual revolution. The easy access to birth control encouraged promiscuity, and eventually brought us into the women's movement in the 1970?s. Women's freedom over their sexuality allows freedom of their financial independence. However the true beginning of the women's movement began as early as the 1920?s. The possibility of contraceptives would not have been possible in the 1960's without the original women's movement in the 1920?s. The purpose of this essay to describe how birth control has affected society, and the impact it had on the AIDS virus."
Abstract This paper examines the financial crisis surrounding health care in the United States. Lack of financial support is cited as the most common reason for rapid closure of many hospitals. This state of affairs is naturally causing a great deal of anxiety in the community as number of elderly patients has risen some 53 percent and unemployment is already a major problem of the country. This paper studies the issue closely and shows why physician?hospital-organizations are being viewed as the most viable option.
From the Paper "Hospitals in the United States are facing numerous problems today, which are posing a huge threat to the existence of health care industry. While for some, it is close to impossible to fathom why hospitals would be faced with such a situation when number of patients is increasing every year, but the truth is that despite many advancement in technology and increase in efficiency, hospital industry is experiencing a major turmoil. There are several reasons, which can be given for present condition of hospitals in the country, but the most commonly cited reason is inadequate financial support. Some 23 hospitals were forced to close down within five years from 1995 to 2000 in the state of California alone. And some 150 more are expected to stop providing their services in the coming years unless something positive was done to improve the current state of affairs. Washington is another state where injured health care industry is desperately looking some kind of relief from government quarters."
The paper discusses health care in America and concludes that the government cannot successfully serve the public and therefore, privatization of health care is the best option for all parties.
Abstract The paper describes the inefficiency of government spending, focusing on health care. It details the problems of HMO's, Medicare and Medicaid and explains why they have failed to provide adequate health care. The paper then presents a case for privatization by showing how it will improve medical services for everyone.
From the Paper "Government spending is a very popular topic in today's society. Some believe that the government is inefficient in using public funds to fund a public good. Regardless if one is a proponent of government spending or an opponent, it is undeniable that government allocation of public funds has been woefully inadequate, to say the least."
Abstract Jet lag is one of the most common problems among domestic and international air travelers, causing a variety of physical and mental problems. This paper looks at these problems and provides a detailed list of suggestions to help overcome or minimalize jet-lag. These include rest, sleep, noise limitation, avoidance of alcohol, drinking of water and exercise.
From the Paper "Jet lag is a common problem among air travelers, often affecting as many as 94% of long distance travelers. The most common cause of jet lag is rapid transit across a variety of worldwide time zones. The more time zones a person crosses, the greater the disruption of the internal body clock, which governs temperature, heartbeat, blood pressure, and physiological patterns, often resulting in disorientation and mental and physical fatigue. It is also a well-known fact among frequent fliers that their resistance is lowered, making them more susceptible to colds, flu, and stomach upsets."
Tags: rest, sleep, noise, alcohol, water, flight, airplane, travel, health, air, time, zone
Abstract The paper describes how the HIV vaccine attacks the immune system with the T-Cells. Also, it discusses different types of vaccines and how they work along with leading causes of AIDS and how it has become an epidemic. It examines different forms of research and other attempts at creating a vaccine in the past.
From the Paper "Since the HIV epidemic began in the 1970?s, it is estimated that 22 million persons are infected with the virus that causes AIDS. There are 3 million new infections each year with 65 percent of these cases in developing countries. There is no cure for AIDS and the outlook for finding a cure is very bleak, therefore a preventive vaccine is urgently needed to control the spread of HIV/AIDS. It is important to remember that being HIV positive does not equate to having AIDS, however it is only a matter of time that the virus will progress to the disease."
From the Paper "Escherichia coli is a gram positive, facultative anaerobe that occupies a symbiotic relationship with the large intestine of several animals including that of humans. This mutually beneficial arrangement provides adequate nutrition and safe haven for the encapsulated bacteria while providing the host with vitamin K and B-complexes (Tierney et al., 1998). E. coli is rapidly introduced into the sterile newborn through food, water and as a direct result of the birthing process. The host's colon is rapidly colonized by these and other bacteria that compete among themselves for position and acquisition of resources.
E. coli is the most common cause of urinary tract infections and ..."
Rising cost of health care. Employer provided health insurance. Employee-based health plans. Growth of HMOs. Move toward health care reform. Government vs. private industry run universal health care.
3,600 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 15 sources, 2001, $ 127.95
From the Paper "Few issues are as critical to individuals as their physical health. Yet the cost of health care in the United States is recognized as one of the most serious public issues facing Americans today. For many years, employers have provided, or subsidized, health care in one form or another to employees. In some cases, the employer provided health insurance and the employee could select the provider without limitation. In other cases, the employer joined a health maintenance organization which required employees to go to specific physicians and providers. Americans who did not work full-time, who did not work at all, or who worked for small companies often did not (and do not) have access to health insurance or health care on a regular basis. This research considers the state of the health care industry today, the ..."
History & evolution, focusing on system's shortcomings. Private vs. public health insurance, need for reform, costs, managed care, AMA, Medicare, universal coverage, more.
5,175 words (approx. 20.7 pages), 20 sources, 1996, $ 135.95
From the Paper "The United States is the only industrialized nation, other than South Africa, that has no national health insurance program. Throughout this century attempts have been made to initiate such programs but all these efforts have been defeated by a combination of political attitudes and economic interests that favor private approaches to health care. The result has been that the American health care system is dominated by private insurance companies, a fee-for-services basis for medical care, and a largely private system of health care institutions. Health insurance has largely come to be the responsibility of employers and individuals rather than of any public authority. Despite some governmental involvement in hospital construction, medical research, public health, and targeted programs such as Medicaid..."
From the Paper "Nursing research increasingly is moving away from quantitative research methods, towards qualitative techniques to describe and give meaning to life experiences. Participant observation is a popular way of collecting data in qualitative research. Quantitative research methods concentrate mainly on issues of cause and effect (Martin, 1995, p. 44). Research data may be evaluated through the application of either quantitative or qualitative analytical procedures (Guba, 1990, pp. 24-35). Quantitative approaches are more easily defined than are qualitative procedures, because qualitative research may refer to either the way data are measured or the way such data are evaluated (Summers, Peters, & Armstrong, 1994, p. 7)...."
From the Paper " RATIONING
Introduction
Health costs are escalating and rationing of health care has become a focus. Many believe it is inevitable and others still argue against it. Confusion exists regarding the definition of rationing; it is argued that limitations have always existed within the health care system. If rationing does exist, the question to explore then becomes what and how.
Health Care Rationing
The American health care system is expensive and getting more so; by 1993 expenditures climbed to approximately 14 percent of the gross national product. The system consumes resources disproportionate to the value it delivers; about 20 percent is spent on administrative costs and about one third of Medicare.."
From the Paper "Thomas S. Spradley and James P. Spradley, in Deaf Like Me chronicle the experiences of a parents coming to grips with their daughter's deafness and learning much not only about that handicap but about human love. The Spradleys are brothers, Thomas is the father of Lynn, who was born deaf, and James is an anthropologist and uncle to Lynn. Louise, Lynn's mother, is an integral part of the book, and Lynn herself, at 19 years old in 1985, writes the book's Epilogue, making the work a truly family effort.
Perhaps one reason that the parents felt such pain at the discovery of "their daughter's deafness was that the mother Louise felt partly responsible because she had German measles during her pregnancy. Before their daughter's deafness is confirmed, their greatest fear seems to be that she will appear to be..."
