Abstract This essay discusses broad nursing theory and mid-range theory. The specific theories that are used as examples are comfort theory (mid-range) and self care deficit theory (broad theory). The paper shows that both theories are constructive to nursing, but that mid-range theory allows experimentation and solid conclusions.
Abstract This paper presents a discussion about euthanasia and the ethical problems it encounters. The writer presents both sides of the issue and allows the reader to decide which side to take.
Abstract This paper looks at how, with every passing year, the environment around the American people is becoming more and more artificial and how one of the greatest examples of this is the creation of genetically modified foods. It examines how a few huge companies are trying to convince us that their food is not dangerous to our health and, in some cases, is even healthier than organic food. It attempts to prove how this is not true and how genetically modified food is potentially dangerous.
From the Paper "A lot of myths have been created to market the genetically engineered food. One of them is that it will help the American farmers. In reality, biotechnology tries to industrialize agriculture even further, converting agriculture into a branch of industry, and as with other labor saving technologies, by increasing productivity biotechnology tends to reduce prices and set in motion a technology treadmill that forces out of business a significant number of farmers, especially the small ones. Another false myth is that biotechnology will benefit Third World farmers. In reality, biotechnology products will undermine exports from Third World countries even more, especially from small-scale producers."
Abstract This paper cites applicable legal cases to support its arguments in favor of legalizing euthanasia. Included, also, are ethical reasons for favoring legalized euthanasia and rebuttals against arguments that oppose euthanasia. Finally, the overall moral dilemma of euthanasia is discussed, with both the pro and con arguments presented.
From the Paper "We all must die one day, and most people hope for a quick and painless death. But sometimes life isn?t so easy. Some people suffer unbelievable pain from cancer or other diseases. Others may lie in a permanently unconscious state due to an accident or some other cause. Euthanasia is the practice of kindly and painlessly putting a patient suffering from an incurable and painful disease or extreme oldness to a supposedly peaceful death. Derived from the Greek words eu, good, and thanatos, death, euthanasia is ordinarily identified as mercy killing. Today, only Oregon and Maine have legalized euthanasia or PAS."
Abstract This paper examines how the cost of prescription drugs is rising in the United States at a rate that outstrips the ability of people without health insurance to pay for them. It looks at how medications absorb up to 30% of the income of many senior citizens, and over 40 million Americans have no health insurance at all. It proposes that those without prescription insurance coverage be combined into one identifiable group eligible for the price discounts negotiated by HMOs and other coverage providers, thus giving all Americans access to volume discount prices for medications.
From the Paper "Struggling with the cost of medications is not a new problem, and has been a topic of public debate since the 1950's when Senator Estes Kefauver led hearings regarding the pricing policies of the big pharmaceutical companies (Buell, 1999). He accused them of raising their prices unfairly. The industry replied that federal control on prices would devalue stocks and discourage research on new medications, just the claims made today. While there is no doubt that research done pharmaceutical companies has resulted in many new and valuable medications, research is not their only expense. Large amounts of money are spent on advertising, and in the United States, the high cost of medications puts them out of reach of millions who need them (Buell, 1999)."
Abstract This paper briefly looks at heart attacks, which occur when the blood supply to part of the heart muscle is severely reduced or stopped, and one or more of the coronary arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle is blocked. It examines how there are many causes of heart disease, some are controllable, and some are not, and how uncontrollable risk factors include male gender, older age, family history of heart disease, post-menopausal stages, and race. It also look at how risk factors that can be controlled include smoking and inappropriate cholesterol levels. It discusses what the symptoms of an attack are, how a diagnosis is made, and methods of treatment and prevention.
From the Paper "A heart attack is a medical emergency that must be quickly addressed to prevent permanent heart damage or death. CPR should be administered if a person suffering a heart attack goes into cardiac arrest. If possible, it is recommended that the victim chew an aspirin because this drug is an effective inhibitor of blood clots and reduces the risk of death from a heart attack by twenty-five percent. Once at this hospital, a physician suspecting a heart attack will order a ECG or EKG to detect and locate the heart attack by measuring the electrical activity within the heart as well as blood tests to help diagnose a heart attack and to detect any ongoing heart damage. Often treatment is started at this time."
Abstract Ergonomics is matching the job to the worker and the product to the user. This research paper provides the reader with an understanding of office ergonomics and how complicated just one cubicle can be. The paper also stresses the importance of ergonomics in the office and all the hazards that it can prevent. Much can be gained from the proper use of office ergonomics, including higher productivity and fewer safety injuries. Many different organizations are referenced in this paper to give the reader the most accurate information regarding office ergonomics.
From the Paper "The cubicle, in all its glory, represents the modern day workspace for many workers and creates many frustrations. Technology has had an overpowering effect on the way we work today. As a result, we are spending more time at our desks and using a computer, leading to an increased number of ergonomic related issues. In this section, the author will discuss the hazards, dangers, and risks associated with poor office ergonomics. These include musculoskeletal disorders, sharp edges, pinch points, eye strain, poor posture, fatigue, noise pollution and emotional stress cause by working in a cubicle."
Abstract For years, the debate over distribution of contraceptives, mainly condoms, within high schools has been a hotly contested issue among law and policy makers, school officials, parents, and students. New studies and research projects have uncovered indisputable proof of the benefits of condom distribution in schools. This paper examines the above-mentioned data and provides an analysis of the current political, social, and medicinal advantages such contraceptive distribution programs provide.
From the Paper "At the heart of the debate of Condom Distribution is the fear that, by making condoms available in schools, it encourages increased sexual activity among teens. Several studies have been conducted to examine whether or not this phenomenon occurs. One such study (Blake, S. M., Ledsky, R., Goodenow, C., Sawyer, R., Lohrmann, D., and Windsor, R. 2003) took place in 1991 in Massachusetts. Massachusetts instituted a policy allowing condoms to be distributed in its public schools as a way to prevent the spread of the AIDS virus and other sexually transmitted diseases. Opponents of the program claimed it would lead to a higher level of sexual activity among teens. The results of the study revealed quite the opposite."
Abstract This paper explains that vegetarians do not eat meat, including that of fish and poultry; therefore, their diet consists mainly of grains, vegetables, and other food sources. The author points out that a diet that consists of meat causes the buildup of saturated fats, creates high levels of cholesterol to occur, and may result in high blood pressure, heart attack, or cancer; however, by eating a vegetarian diet, a person may prevent or lessen their chance of acquiring these health problems. The paper concludes that, while some may think this type of lifestyle is difficult to maintain, there are many recipes and options available to prevent dining boredom while living a healthy lifestyle.
From the Paper "The vegetarian diet has gained popularity because of remarkable case reports of individuals who attributed recoveries from cancers with poor prognoses to macrobiotics and because of the substantial evidence that the many dietary factors recommended by macrobiotics are associated with decreased cancer risk. Women consuming macrobiotic diets have modestly lower circulating estrogen levels, suggesting a lower risk of breast cancer (Lawrence, 2001). None of the natural cancer prevention substances that have been discovered such as vitamin C, B-17, hydroquionenes, beta-carotene, and NDGA are found to be animal derived. Yet most meats, when cooked, produce an array of benzenes and other carcinogenic compounds. Cancer is infinitely easier to prevent than cure."
Abstract This paper summarizes the main points of Eric Schlosser's book on the eating habits of many Americans. The paper reports on Schlosser's depiction of the french fry as ubiquitous in the American diet of fast food and how the french fry came to occupy this position. he paper also covers the effect of globalization and the changes in consumers' nutritional demands. The articles cited in the bibliography are appended to the paper.
Factory Farming
Globalization
Changes in Consumer Nutritional Demands
Financing Issue
From the Paper "Considering all the news about the problems with the American diet, it isn?t surprising that Eric Schlosser's Fast Food Nation became a best seller. The chapters about how cattle become hamburgers are truly frightening reading, with graphic detail about little calves figuring out what happens at the end of the chute and trying to run, and the human toll, where cumulative trauma injury is ?almost 35 times higher than the rate in any other American industry.? (Schlosser, p. 173.) That sort of information is enough to put one off beef entirely, even without the new possibility of Mad Cow Disease. But Schlosser takes on the entire fast food industry, and arguably the most prevalent single item"or at least the best known"is the french fry. "Do you want fries with that"? has become something of a national anthem of dining. The impact of the french fry on the American diet, culture and economy is both a success story of major proportions and a quietly cooking national scandal."
Abstract This paper argues that, for most women, cosmetic surgery is a foolish option because the potential risks and complications outweigh any possible cosmetic benefits. The paper argues that the results of many procedures are temporary and affected by aging and changes in lifestyle. The paper also shows that cosmetic surgery skews the public's perception of how a woman's body should be.
From the Paper "We currently live in a society that is utterly obsessed with the concept of youth. Everywhere we turn we are bombarded with airbrushed images of scantily clad women advertising everything from cosmetics to cars. We flip on our televisions and are shown a perpetual reel of synthetic beauty that is forever touted as "natural" and "healthy", and sadly, many Americans have been persuaded to accept this notion. Rather than concern ourselves with expanding our minds and appreciating life's changes as they are bestowed upon us, thousands of people throw away billions of dollars each year in an attempt to fight the inevitable. Many continue to finance these costly procedures that result in a lengthy healing process, a great deal of pain, and in many cases only marginal results. Yet, this is the current popular trend and it only appears to be gaining speed as time goes on. Will there eventually come a day where women are expected to undergo cosmetic surgery because a natural physique is no longer deemed as attractive?"
Abstract This paper looks at how, as years go by, the debate over the ethics and morality of abortion rages on. There are those against it and those for it if certain circumstances apply. It attempts to answer the question of when abortion is morally acceptable or whether it should be considered immoral all the time. It puts forward the author's view that abortion is morally acceptable only in circumstances where the woman was raped or her health is at risk, whether it be her life or her fertility.
From the Paper "In the case of rape, anti-abortionists argue that it is wrong to have an abortion as well. They use the right to life argument again and state that a fetus has just as much right to life as the woman does and it would be unfair to consider the woman more of a person than the fetus, considering a person's right to life is protected by the constitution. I will grant them the fact that a fetus is a person and I will still prove their argument to be weak. Regarding rape, a woman didn?t ask to be violated and raped. Abortion is not wrong here because she did not give the fetus consent to use her body. This abortion should not be considered unjust because it initially violated the woman's rights and should not have happened in the first place."
Abstract This paper looks at how "Fast Food Nation" is a broad, investigative journalism work that describes, examines, criticizes, and attacks the American fast food industry on several levels. It is also an eye-opener that reveals to the readers the whole new facet of this industry and makes links that no one could have imagined existed. It shows how the fast food industry is a multi-faceted entity that is affecting lives of millions, usually in a very negative way, and how the most rewarding part of reading the book is the amount of new knowledge and insights it provides.
From the Paper "Understanding the history of each event or chain of events that led to the development of American fast food industry is a key in order to be able to grasp the whole picture of it. The book starts with describing the very roots of hamburger industry in the U.S. and the "founding fathers" of it. McDonald's Corporation and the Walt Disney Company were the two giant corporations that were developing simultaneously. Both had the same great impact in creating the American nation as it is now: controlled by giant corporations, interested only in making profits and in spreading "americanization" around the world."
Abstract This paper discusses the problem of obesity in the United States. The paper focuses on obesity in children, providing horrifying statistics of the increase of this disease. The paper identifies the medical problems that are caused by extreme overweight. The paper explains that nurses have an important role in promoting the health and well-being of the community and, by nature of their profession, they have better reach-out and interaction with the public. The paper describes the importance of planning and implementing comprehensive obesity control programs at the community level and in primary health care settings.
From the Paper "Obesity is a growing problem in America with more than 64% of the U.S adult population identified to be clinically obese or overweight. It is estimated that there are more than 300,000 deaths every year which are directly attributed to obesity. [CDC]. It would not be far fetching to say that obesity has in fact assumed epidemic proportions and is one of the fastest growing healthcare problems of our nation. There is a positive association between obesity and cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer and other life threatening conditions. A disturbing fact is the increasing rate of obesity among children in the age group of 4 to 16. Unhealthy eating habits and the modern sedentary life style have only aggravated the risk factors leading to a health care crisis. Nurses as community healthcare providers have an important role in increasing the awareness and initiating nutritional programs and exercise activities aimed at controlling obesity at an early age."
This paper uses Wilsonian Concept Analysis to gain a better understanding of addiction as a concept. It examines the structural foundation, identification, and relationship to substances.
Abstract This paper explains that the concept of addiction is most often used in the structural context of mental health because the mental health profession is concerned with how to care for the individual who is substance dependent. The author relates that addiction is the sum of the characteristics of unpredictable behavior changes, the inability to maintain impulses and self-control, and the compulsiveness to be gratified through an increase in dependency on the substances abused for pleasure. The paper concludes that the practical results of this conceptual analysis reveal that nurses can better understand and assess the need to care for the addicted client, worker, or family member when they have an increased consciousness about the structural forms that contribute to the solidification of addiction.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Isolating Questions of the Concept
Right Answers
Model Case
Contrary Case
Borderline Case
Invented Case
Social Context
Underlying Anxieties
Practical Results
Results in Language
Conclusion
From the Paper "The following case story serves as a pure example of all of the elements that comprise concept of addiction. Jim is a 35-year-old Caucasian male who began to "shoot heroin" with coworkers after work. His heroin addiction started out as a half a gram of heroin injected intravenously after work and over two years, grew to two grams of heroin per day. John has begun to let his personal appearance deteriorate. His job performance declined and he was fired. A usual day for him now involves sitting in front of the television in a state of euphoria. His wife and daughter, who live with him, urge him to seek help for his illness. His wife states, ?He has become moody and easily agitated."
Tags: mental, dependent, unpredictable, self-control, care
