Abstract The paper introduces Benjamin Banneker, an African American born in 1731, who made enormous contributions to the study of mathematics. The paper discusses his spheres of interest in the field, including clock building, astronomy, tide and weather. It discusses, too, his widely publicized almanac that served as a contradiction to the American belief that blacks were inferior, and his contribution to the building of the city of Washington D.C.
From the Paper "In addition to creating America's first clock, his studies in astronomy made a mathematical calculations of the stars and constellations, which he used to correctly predict a solar eclipse that took place on April 14, 1789. Furthermore, Banneker was not quiet about this contradiction. Infact, he was a social critic of slavery. Thus, it was this reason and an attempt to promote change; he sent a copy of his first Almanac to Thomas Jefferson."
Abstract A router is used to manage network traffic and to find the best route for packets to be sent. This paper discusses the algorithms available in order to find the best route to destination for these packets in the network environment. The two main algorithms are "Global routing algorithms" and "Decentralized routing algorithms". The paper evaluates in detail these two methodologies together with their bottlenecks and illustrates examples with diagrams, graphs, tables and code.
From the Paper "In this step, routers should choose the best route for packets to every node. They do it by using an algorithm such as "Dijkstra Shortest Path Algorithm". In this algorithm, router, based on information that has been collected from other routers, build a graph of network. This graph shows the location of routers in network and their links. Also every link will be labeled with a number that is called weight of link and is also known as cost of link. This number is a function of delay time, average traffic and sometimes simply, it is the number of hops between nodes. For example if there were two links between a node to destination, the router chooses the link with the least weight."
From the Paper "This research reviews the application of mathematics by the ancient Egyptians in the construction of pyramids. This research focuses on two issues. The first issue involves the mathematical principles that, of necessity, were applied in the construction of the pyramids. The second issue concerns the contention by some people that alien civilizations from outer space were the source of mathematical knowledge required for the construction of the pyramids in Egypt, as the Egyptians of that era had not developed the knowledge of mathematics required for such an undertaking.
A pyramid is a polyhedron whose base is a polygon and whose sides are triangles having a common vertex. The pyramids at Giza..."
Abstract This paper discusses Florence Nightingale?s work as a statistician upon which the reform of the sanitary conditions in military field hospitals was based. The author points out that Nightingale was the first woman to be a Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society, the first woman to receive the Order of Merit and author of the first nursing textbook.
From the Paper "In 1840, Florence begged her parents to let her study mathematics instead of, "worsted work and practicing quadrilles." Her mother did not agree with this idea. Although Mr. Nightingale loved mathematics and had passed this love along to his daughter, he urged her to study subjects more appropriate for a woman. After a long battle with her parents, they finally gave her permission to be tutored in mathematics. This included Sylvester, who developed the theory of invariants with Cayley. She was said to be his most distinguished pupil."
From the Paper "INTUITION, EXPERIENCE, AND QUANTITATIVE DECISION-MAKING
Introduction
Quantitative decision-making is thought of most often as an objective exercise based only on the cold analysis of verifiable hard facts. Intuition and even experience tends to be excluded from quantitative decision-making on the grounds that such information is subjective in character, and, thus, has no role in quantitative analysis.
Quantitative decision-making is based in large part on the ability of decision-makers to make inferences about the probabilities of occurrence of future events from the analyses of objective data (Markowitz and Xu 60-69). One means of improving probability estimates in such predictions, however, is the application of Bayes? Theorem (Peebles 17-19). Classical .."
From the Paper "The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics has produced a list of five goals which students in a well-taught classroom should achieve. This paper will outline how these five goals can be attained by students in a fourth-grade classroom using the Saxon text, Math 54: An Incremental Development (Hake & Saxon, 1996). Examples of how to incorporate each goal individually into the class's lessons will follow.
A good mathematics curriculum will help a teacher instill these goals in students. The best method of disseminating these goals to students is within the context of mathematics study and through opportunities for cross-disciplinary teaching; the five goals cannot be effectively taught in isolation from one another or from other subjects.
The five goals can be summarized as follows: .."
From the Paper 'The purpose of this research is to explain the application of statistical procedures to the solution of a realistic problem. In this instance, the problem is related to the domestic economy of the United States.
THE PROBLEM
The level of unemployment is a matter of significant concern to both the general public and political leaders. In order to develop effective policies to address the unemployment issue, it is necessary to understand how the unemployment rate is related to other factors. It is this problem which is addressed in this research.
HYPOTHESES
A total of six hypotheses were formulated for, and tested in ... "
From the Paper "In his book, Innumeracy: Mathematical Illiteracy and Its Consequences, John Allen Paulos uses the term, "innumeracy" in the same way that the term illiteracy is used: to represent an unfamiliarity and ignorance in terms of numbers and mathematics. Besides being well written and entertaining, the book is also informative in explaining common instances of mathematics in everyday life.
Paulos does not confine his discussion only to one aspect of numbers and mathematics. His book is replete with examples of statistics, probability and mathematics. He suggests, for example, that we develop a "safety index" for certain activities or events which would provide the populace as a whole with a quantitative way to evaluate their activities. While such an idea may seem farfetched, it illustrates an idea which occurs .. "
From the Paper "Statisticians work with large masses of data. Before any conclusions can be drawn from such data, it must be condensed and arranged in a usable form. One of the most common ways to summarize and describe a mass of data is to arrange a frequency distribution table. These tables can then be graphed with the frequency scale on the y-axis and the interval being graphed on the x-axis. Above each interval a horizontal line is drawn which corresponds to the frequency of the interval, resulting in a stair-step histogram pattern. Connecting the midpoints of these class intervals produces a frequency polygon and an interval curve. Distribution curves which can be "folded" vertically so that the two halves of the curve are essentially the same are said to be bilaterally symmetrical. Perfectly symmetrical curves which have a bell shape are said to be normal curves, or Gaussian curve ... "
Abstract This paper discusses the way the study of statistics has developed over time and how it is used in a practical manner today. It looks at the history of this topic and how scholars have helped it progress into an independent academic study. Examines some of the famous statistics that are used in everyday life - divorce rate, GDP, high school drop-out rate, poverty rate, literacy rate etc.
From the Paper "Statistics is a branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, organization and analysis of numerical data the application of this information to make informed decisions in a variety of applications. Statistical results may be used to forecast business trends, define the extent of prevailing opinion throughout a given population, changes in availability of resources or assets, and provide quantifiable answers to questions in almost every type of business, social or political area. Professor Edwards of the Andover Theological Seminary defined statistics as "the ascertaining and bringing together of those facts which are fitted to illustrate the conditions and prospects of society." "
