This research paper is a description of the progression of the ManhattanProject, the undercover name for the building of the first atomic bomb by scientists.
Abstract This is a detailed study describing the progression of the ManhattanProject and the invention of the atomic bomb. The ?ManhattanProject? was a code name given to the efforts and collaboration of many scientists to build the first atom bomb. The author sees two major challenges that faced the team of highly capable scientists. The first was the actual production of the atom bomb. This involved actually making innovative discoveries that would revolutionize war and change man's idea of war for good. The second involved all of the ethical debates on whether or not the bomb should have actually been used in warfare. The author concludes that the building of the atomic bomb proved to be the most pivotal advance seen by science up until the early twentieth century.
From the Paper "We have too many men of science, too few men of God. We have grasped the mystery of the atom and rejected the Sermon of the Mount...The world has achieved brilliance without wisdom, power without conscience. Ours is a world of nuclear giants and ethical infants. We know more about war than we know about peace, more about killing than we know about living...? stated General Omar N. Bradley, Chief of Staff of the United States Army in 1948, voicing the opinion, shared by many of the time, towards the building of the atomic bomb. The "Manhattan Project" was a code name given to the efforts and collaboration of many scientists to build the first atom bomb. There were two major challenges that faced the team of highly capable scientists. The first was the actual production of the atom bomb. This involved actually making innovative discoveries that would revolutionize war and change man's idea of war for good. The second involved all of the ethical debates on whether or not the bomb should have actually been used in warfare. The project lasted from 1942-1946 and cost approximately 1.8 billion dollars, which is comparable to 20 billion dollars today. The building of the atomic bomb proved to be the most pivotal advance seen by science up until the early twentieth century."
Tags:Manhattan, Project, World, War, II, atomic, bomb, invention
Abstract This paper examines the ManhattanProject, describing its historical development and the political and diplomatic relations which it entailed. The fear of the Nazi's developing an atom bomb is considered one of the motivating reasons for the US speeding up its nuclear fission program. The paper further mentions how the US shared or did not share its research with its allies. The paper then describes some technical aspects of the research. The actual deployment of the bomb is discussed and how it contributed to the Cold War between the US and USSR. The paper concludes with the negative consequences of the ManhattanProject, including the tremendous loss of life caused by detonating two atomic bombs.
From the Paper "American research in the field of nuclear physics had been progressing in a rather unsystematic manner. The British were interested in finding out about the American work. To this aim, they did not hesitate in what including atomic information in the exchanges of technical information and scientific missions that were going on in the beginning of the 1940s. This interchange of scientific information was very important; proof of its importance is that face that one of the documents forwarded to the United States was the Thomson Committee Report. This document stated the feasibility of an atomic bomb and led to the British decision to become involved in such a project; also, it represented an important factor that influenced the U.S. follow the same path and become involved. This was followed by an offer issued in October, 1941 by President Roosevelt to Winston Churchill for cooperation in relation to the project. After the agreement, the next step in the evolution of the project was a division of labor."
Abstract In this article, the writer researches the topic of the ManhattanProject and the role of the United States in constructing the first atomic bomb. The importance of the ManhattanProject in the victory of the United States in World War Two is also examined. Different sources are used which include books, journals, and once reputable internet site which deals with the history of World War Two and the integral role of the ManhattanProject during this time frame. The writer concludes that the ManhattanProject was the instigator for the current international relations dilemmas first with the Cold War and then subsequent wars, yet the advancement in technology proved to be a of importance as seen in the hegemony of military, industry and scientific cooperation.
Oultine:
History of the Atomic Bomb and its Place in World War Two
Further Historical Developments of the ManhattanProject
From the Paper "The radiation from the bomb continued to kill thousands of people after the explosion. It poisoned the drinking water and thus a great source of food in the local rivers and lakes. People who had survived the initial explosion eventually died within a month due to the radiation poisoning. This alone accounted for a large percentage of civilian deaths suffered in World War Two. Not only after the first month of deaths, but for years after the bomb's drop people were still dying from radiation; between the years of 1946-1952 the government reported that 60,000 people died of radiation poisoning. Although the bomb dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were different in construction; little boy was a gun designed weapon shaped like a cup while 'fat man' dropped on Nagasaki, was an implosion and not an explosion."
Abstract This paper takes a look at the history and controversies surrounding the ManhattanProject and examines whether or not we should have dropped the bomb. The paper first looks at how the project came about following the rumours that Nazi Germany was working on a bomb and then looks at the challenges faced by the project managers to complete it before the Germans did. Finally, the writer explores whether or not America was justified in using the bomb.
From the Paper "In 1939, the United States got word through various channels of intelligence that the Nazis in Germany were planning to develop an atomic bomb. This was startling and upsetting news for the United States, as the prospect of the Nazis with the most powerful weapon in the world was not a comforting one. As a result, the United States began its own project to develop and build an atomic bomb before the Nazis or the Japanese did. The United States began this project in 1942 under the Army Corps of Engineers. It was the atomic bomb that was developed during this effort, an effort known as the Manhattan Project, that was eventually dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki."
Abstract The paper talks about the ManhattanProject that began in 1939, with the goal of planning and designing the world's first nuclear weapon. The paper looks at Trinity Site, located in a remote part of New Mexico, which was selected for testing the bomb. The paper describes the Trinity test and explains that this test in fact put an abrupt end to World War Two, as the successful implosion sparked an enthusiastic attack on two Japanese targets: Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The paper contends, however, that with hardly any evidence and only one plutonium test at Trinity, the United States government foolishly launched nuclear weapons at Japan.
From the Paper "Whether due to a morbid self-satisfaction, naivete, or sheer stupidity, the members of the Manhattan Project reveled with "elation" and "jubilation" at the sight of the mushroom cloud (Department of Energy). The Trinity Site, located in a remote part of New Mexico, was believed to be far enough from the civilian population to guard against fallout, but local ranchers lived only 20 miles away. Official reports indicate that civilians suffered "little external injury," but that their "livestock were not as fortunate, suffering skin burns, bleeding, and loss of hair," (DOE). Stafford Warren, the project's chief medical officer, would later recommend that future tests be conducted within no less than 150 miles from human population and claimed that the Trinity nuclear tests had been near-misses (DOE)."
Abstract The paper presents the thesis that the physicists instrumental in the design and development of the nuclear atomic bomb held a level of pride in their accomplishment as well as regret for its potential for destruction, death and war. The paper describes the ManhattanProject and examines the personal moral standards of the scientists who developed it. The paper shows how regrets were certainly held by Bethe, Oppenheimer, Haber and other scientists and physicists sharing in the atomic energy and weaponry projects.
Outline:
Statement of Thesis
Introduction
The ManhattanProject Moral Responsibility of the Physicist
Hans Bethe
Julius Robert Oppenheimer
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper "The work entitled: "Invisible: Atomic Bomb Efforts in the US, USSR and National Socialist Germany" relates that governments and physicists both came to realize "simultaneously...that their discoveries had military potential. If any nation could harness the energy of nuclear fission in an explosion, a super bomb would be possible." (Open Society Archives, 2007) The second World War erupted in Europe in 1939 and the publications concerning nuclear subject matter "disappeared from scientific journals and the race to the nuclear bomb was on." (Open Society Archives)"
Tags: peace, Manhattan, Project, Bethe, Oppenheimer, Haber
Abstract The paper provides a qualitative review of literature relating to the ManhattanProject and how the atomic bomb was developed by the United States and used in World War II against Japan. The paper presents the thesis that the atomic bomb saved lives by ending a brutal war where the opponent, Japan, was unreasonable in its demands. The paper further posits that the success of the ManhattanProject is not only in ending World War II but also in acquiring many technological advances.
Outline:
Introduction
Background
Statement of Thesis
Purpose of Study
Methodology
Literature Review
Summary
Conclusion
From the Paper "The driving force behind use of the atomic weapon was a force that was similar to nuclear fission itself due to the complexity of the diverse commitment, energies, and effort focused into these endeavor. Universities were deeply involved in this endeavor and created an entire segmented program in which none of the program sectors were aware of the research of other program sectors. German scientists were well aware of this information and agreed to come to the United States and join research with the United States. As well, research was an effort characterized by cooperation and collaboration among universities and various research sectors among the Manhattan Project's efforts. The entire cognitive citizenry of the United States was aware that a new age of military warfare was soon to come and the United States was collectively in the majority willing to affirm that since it was to happen the United States must be the first to accomplish the atomic bomb."
Abstract The paper describes the United States' rush to build an atomic bomb during World War II. The paper details the bomb's inception and shows how it was used on Hiroshima and then on Nagasaki, forcing Japan to surrender. The paper explains that the long-term push for the bomb set the United States on a course of creating and stockpiling nuclear weapons that shaped the nature of the Cold War. The paper discusses how although the atomic bomb ended World War II, the controversy surrounding its use continues because of the enormous consequences of using nuclear warfare.
From the Paper "The Los Alamos site was chosen for two main reasons: First, a special weapons laboratory was needed to put the bomb together. Second, the massive security regulations were becoming a problem, with the compartmentalization of tasks so that the people involved with the various aspects of the Manhattan Project would know only enough to carry out their own jobs effectively. This approach worked well and was one reason why no information ever reached German hands. However, at the scientific level, such compartmentalization was a problem."
Abstract This is a research paper examining the decision to exclude the Soviets from the ManhattanProject. An historical overview of the time period is provided, and the writer then looks at what led up to this decision. The paper also discusses the implications of such a decision on future international relations and U.S. foreign policy.
From the Paper 'In the midst of atomic confusion during the development and years to follow of the atomic bombs "Little Boy" and "Fat Man" (starting as early as 1939), the United States government became entangled in mass debate over which (if any) foreign nations to include in the secrets of the Manhattan Project. After much consideration, the United States enlightened Britain with the diplomatic secrets, though clarifying the US dominance in the matter. However, the United States still deliberated over secret sharing with the Soviet Union and other nations, such as France. With the conclusion of the US to not share information of the atomic weapon with the Soviet Union, and later, the dropping of two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and later Nagasaki, the US conveyed a sense of distrust for the Soviets. This led to tense American-Soviet relations, which eventually brought about the Cold War."
Abstract This project plan forecast for the talent management system project provides an overview of the project, including a communications plan, a forecast of the time required to complete the project, descriptions of the project closure process and the project audit process, budget estimates, forecasted project outcomes, three key learning points, and a conclusion. The project closure process is covered in special detail due to its critical function in assuring customer satisfaction.
Tags:project plan forecast, budget estimates, forecasted outcomes, key learning points, project closure, communications plan
Abstract This report briefly discusses options presented to the founders of the Temper Tinglary SOHO Art Gallery regarding expanding their business. It looks at the rationale behind the selection of the website project that was presented and paper presents an argument, set forth by way of non-numeric and financial models. The paper recommends hardware and software platforms for the implementation of the project and presents a development methodology. A Microsoft Office Project document that lists tasks and their duration is included with the file. A copy of the contents of this document has also been copied to the paper itself.
Table of Contents:
Project Selection Rationale
Increase High Value Work
Improved Accuracy and Efficiency
Improved Decision Making
Financial Modelling
Hardware & Software Recommendations
Development methodology
Project Charter
Stakeholders
Project Description
Measurable Organisational Value
Project Scope
Work Breakdown Structure
Scope Verification
Project Schedule Summary
Project Budget Summary
Quality Issues
Verification and Validation
Change Management
Resources Required
Assumptions and Risks
Assumptions
Risks
Impacts on the Gallery
Appendix A (Microsoft Project file)
From the Paper "A known constraint imposed upon the project is budget. It is estimated that the project can be completed within the budget, however various compromises have had to be made in terms of hardware and software in order to remain within budgetary constraints. The project manager and BI consultants have expressed their concern regarding running the website and database server off a desktop PC and the use of Microsoft Access 2007 in order to save on licensing fees. It is felt that while these resources should meet requirements for the project, their scalability is questionable. Future expansion of the system is not within the scope of this project, yet the project team wishes to clarify its stance at this stage regarding the limitations and constraints imposed by the magnitude of the Gallery's project budget."
Tags: microsoft project, efficiency stakeholders budget
Abstract This paper is a project plan overview for a human resources project to select an appropriate talent management system. It consists of an abstract followed by a paper describing the problem that the project aspires to resolve, a mission justification, high-level project scope with objectives, deliverables, milestones, technical requirements, and limits and exclusions, as well as a description of how the success of the project will be measured. Best practices and key learning points are included.
Tags:project plan, talent management, human resources, HR, onboarding, applicant tracking, project scope, best practices, learning points
Abstract This paper reviews the typical professional environments where one might expect to find project management techniques being implemented. This paper also discusses the constraints within each of these environments that require project management; why some practitioners have called project management a carefully created illusion and why they argue that an organization can only barely exist within a complex project.
Contents:
Objective
Introduction
Constraints Within the Environment Requiring Project Management
A Carefully Created Illusion
Organizations Can Only Exist in a Complex Project Charts and Benefits
Measurement of Goals and Three Critical Dimensions
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper "Whether referred to as an illusion or indeed a vision, the project manager is responsible to assist others involved in the project in their ability to see the project from the manager's view. In the earlier stages of the project this may be referred to as a 'carefully created illusion' however, without this vision the project will flounder and fail. As stated by Phillips (2005) in the work entitled: Real World Project Management: An Introduction: "Good photographers and good project managers have much in common: experience, a foundation in the fundamentals, and a willingness to learn. At the core, I believe, is an ability to capture a vision--and then process that vision for others to see."
Abstract This paper explains that the process of global project management has much in common with domestic project management; however, global project management does add a number of requirements and cautions to the mix. The author points out that global project management and domestic project management are similar in that, in both cases, the project is defined as a sequence of tasks that must be completed with an established end result. The paper relates that they may differ in the means of achieving the goal because of cultural, language and other differences.
From the Paper The process of global project management has much in common with domestic project management while also adding a number of requirements and cautions to the mix. The similarities between domestic and global project management show how alike management is in different countries, while the differences show added requirements for a global perspective and the influence of cultural differences on the manager. A project in both cases if the same and is defined as "a sequence of tasks that must be completed with an established end result. It differs from daily work in that there is a definite beginning and an ending to the sequence of tasks. When a project ends, managers and workers move on to other work or projects. Different talents are required for effective project management compared with daily managerial activities" (Nie and Young 109).
Abstract The paper explains that a project is basically a contract between people that has been defined through a plan. This plan identifies the people that will be involved in the project, what their responsibilities will be, the time that the project will take, the costs involved and the expected outcomes of the project in relation to all parties and the organization. The project life-cycle is comprised of all stages necessary to ensure successful implementation and completion of the project.
