Abstract The following discourse relates to the treatment of malaria in Somalia with the ultimate goal being to reduce its overall impact on the economic health of the country. The action plan outlined addresses the nature of malaria, its common treatment strategies and the execution of the plan itself. The action plan is designed to result in a considerable decrease of the negative impact that malaria has not only on the public health and welfare of Somalia citizenry, but on the considerable negative impact it has on Somalian economic recovery.
From the Paper "While common public perception is that malaria and other communicable diseases are purely a health risk, the reality is that malaria, in combination with other public health concerns, poses a considerable impediment to economic health and recovery. This economic impact is indirect but substantial none-the-less. Malaria, because of its deep impact on the young, reduces the size of the future population of..."
Abstract This paper explains that the Malaria parasite is a critical component of the spread of this disease through mosquito populations around the world. The author points out that one hypothesis is the ability of the malaria parasite to infect those persons who are not even located in the vicinity of the mosquitoes that carry the disease. The paper stress that this spread of the illness to less typical areas is critically importance to the advancement of methods to reduce the incidence of disease.
From the Paper "The study of Malaria is a complex process, as it requires the identification of many different factors that relate to the physiology of the disease, as well as the symptoms that it causes within the host. There are a number of experimental approaches to evaluating Malaria, and it is anticipated that some of the most innovative strategies will encompass the utilization of tools that are effective in providing new discoveries in research and drug development. Although much of the research currently conducted on Malaria has been beneficial to the control of this disease, new discoveries have yet to be made based upon new theories. One hypothesis worth consideration is the ability of the malaria parasite, known as plasmodium falciparum, to infect those persons who are not even located in the vicinity of the mosquitoes that carry the disease."
Abstract The paper discusses the problem of malaria in countries where the disease is prevalent by examining the affected populations, the barriers to treating this health issue, and the resources and programs available for dealing with malaria. The paper discusses how to strengthen the role of the international community for this cause and identifies four components necessary for successful malaria prevention and treatment. Finally, the paper explores what the future holds regarding the treatment of malaria.
Outline:
Objective
Introduction
Population Affected By Malaria History of Malaria Contemporary Controls
Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV)
Points of Entry and Departure
Barriers and Misconceptions
Requirements To Strengthen International Community's Role
Malaria a Public and Health Issue
Vaccines for Malaria Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper "Forty percent of the world's population is stated to be at risk of Malaria with ninety percent of deaths from malaria occurring in the country of Africa, south of the Sahara desert. (Harvard School of Public Health, 2001; paraphrased) Malaria is reported by the Harvard School of Public Health to have been "eradicated in many countries, including the US, in 1950s"(Harvard School of Public Health, 2001) However the malaria parasite has become extremely resistant to drug therapy. Furthermore, malaria not only causes terrible sickness but also has a potential to cripple "developing economies through the enormous cost in medical expenses and days of labor lost." (Harvard School of Public Health, 2001)"
Abstract This paper discusses the occurrence of malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa. The paper reviews the first program to control the spread of malaria in Sub-Saharan African countries that started in the 1920's with larval restraint. The governments in Sub-Saharan Africa have encouraged policies that target the destruction of the mosquitoes that cause this disease, since reliable means to contain this disease are out of their reach. These policies have paved way for excessive utilization of man-made insect-killers, mainly dichlorodiphenyl trichioroethane (DDT). This man-made insect-killer is said to possess extreme side affects to both the environment and the human life. The paper examines the reasons that have triggered the developed world to ban the use of DDT and explores the attempts to influence Third World countries to also take the initiative to ban the use of DDT. The paper demonstrates that malaria entails exceedingly important economic expenditures on Sub-Saharan African countries.
Outline
Executive Summary
Background of the Study
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Significance of the Study
Research Questions
Review of the Literature
Malaria Incidence in Sub-Saharan Africa
Age and Gender Analysis of Malaria Cases
Financial Expenses of Malaria Treatment
Malaria Prevention and Control in Sub-Saharan Africa
Pertinent Foundation
DDT is Necessary to Control Malaria Abolishing the Use of DDT
Function of the World Health Organization
Influence of International Policies
Methodology
Collection of Data
Data Analysis and Search Tactics
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper "It is common knowledge that malaria is the world's most lethal bloodsucking infection. Malaria takes life from more people than any other infectious virus, apart from tuberculosis (TB). Despite the fact that the geological region influenced by malaria has reduced drastically in size in the preceding five decades, restraining Malaria has turned out to be extremely difficult, in fact impossible, and the efforts and improvements by the respective governments have been wasted.
The infection is passed on by Anopheline mosquitoes, the figure and kind of which establish the degree of flow in a specified region. Augmented threat of the infection is related with transformations in the utilization of land concerning actions like highway construction, mining, logging, as well as, farming and irrigation ventures, predominantly in border regions like the Sub-Sahara Africa. One of the cures for this ailment that has been extremely useful is the utilization of DDT."
Abstract The purpose of this research paper is to explore the application of drugs against malaria to assess their efficacy and determine whether it is possible to eradicate malaria in some of the most affected regions of the world. The primary research questions presented to assess this are as follows: (1) What direction should current drug therapies take to eradicate malaria, in light of new, drug resistant forms of the disease? (2) Are genetically modified mosquitoes a more plausible alternative to drug therapy or vaccines? (3) Would use of genetically modified mosquitoes present more problems by changing the environment or inciting confusion and antagonism among populations in which these mosquitoes are released? To answer these questions, the paper proposes a quantitative meta-analysis of the literature currently available comparing past and present drug therapies and research with new focus on the use of transgenic mosquitoes to combat malaria compared with recent drug therapies.
Outline:
Introduction
Background to Problem
Purpose
Significance of Study
Preliminary Literature Review
Method
Limitations
From the Paper "Malaria has a long biological history as a member of the "protozoan members of the Plasmodium genus" which causes malaria when humans are injected by the bite of a mosquito carrier (Kiple 682). Since early times human beings have developed some immune response allowing them to resist some of the more serious forms of the disease, especially in areas including tropical Africa remain "plagued with malaria" more so than other places in the world (Kiple 682). Despite this, malaria still infects millions of people and recently realized a resurgence of power. Typically agents or drugs used to combat malaria directly attacked the parasite or vector, however newer studies suggests that a complex interaction of multiple factors including the interaction "between parasite, vector, host and environment" (Tenenbaum 760). "
Abstract This paper discusses the incidence of malaria in Africa and the difficulties encountered in implementing malaria prevention and treatment programs. The paper specifically discusses the political, social, and economic barriers that have consistently limited the ability to deliver treatment to sufferers of malaria, thus prolonging its destructive consequences in contemporary Africa. The paper further explains that, rather than focusing on bettering the health of the individual, the focus has been placed on possible benefits to the government and economy. For example, specific regions of Africa have been targeted when developing treatment and prevention plans because these regions are economically viable. The paper concludes that, in order to cure malaria in Africa, emphasis needs to be placed on what is best for the native people instead of concentrating on possible benefits to other uninfected countries.
From the Paper "Current malaria control campaigns in Africa are still limited due to a lack of government funding. Partnerships of governmental, non-governmental, and philanthropic organizations are necessary to develop comprehensive programs, yet these partnerships often fail when attempted in Africa. In addition to a lack of consistent funding, these partnerships are composed of overlapping public and private institutions "without clear mandates, ease of coordination, or a leader to harmonize the activities". Until African governments can allocate appropriate funds to malaria control efforts and develop efficient systems for combating the disease, anti-malaria campaigns will continue to disintegrate. Since the initial failure of malaria control under the imperialistic notion to spread white enterprise, government programs have never been sufficient to implement preventative and treatment measures targeting malaria. The political implications of malaria control campaigns have, consequently, thwarted opportunities to cure the millions of infected Africans."
Tags: political, implications, medical, programs, negligence, social, status
Abstract The paper relates that Canada has experienced an excessively high incidence of malaria in contrast to all other industrialized nations. The paper examines the host characteristics of the disease, the environment, the agent responsible and the natural history of malaria to highlight the problems that develop if a comprehensive epidemiological analysis is not conducted. The paper shows how in comparison with the United States, Canada appears to be unaware of how to undertake adequate surveillance and how to implement control mechanisms. The paper also emphasizes the importance of public health education related to malaria infection.
Outline:
Introduction
Prevalence
Host Characteristics
Environment
Agent
Natural History
Future Research
Conclusion
From the Paper "Malaria is a parasitic infection with high prevalence around the world, including affluent nations. The focus of this paper will be Canada because this country has experienced an excessively high incidence of malaria in contrast to all other industrialized nations (MacLean & Demers, 2004). Canada's high incidence of infections corresponds to the deficiencies in its surveillance and public education programs. The two provinces most vulnerable to malaria infection are British Columbia and Ontario. It was only because of research conducted outside of the Canadian surveillance system that the source of two epidemics was identified."
Abstract This paper explains that epidemiology refers to the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related events in specified populations and the application of this study to control of health problems. The author then describes the agent, hosts and environment surrounding malaria. The paper stresses that the most important point about transmission is that researchers have discovered that the incidence of malaria cannot be explained by changes in immigration trends; therefore, epidemiologists must look for simultaneous transmission. The author points out that, although malaria is associated with tropical areas, its occurrence and even epidemics of the disease are not uncommon in Canada.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Agent
Host
Environment
Web of Causation
Natural History and Control and Prevention
Conclusion
From the Paper "The primary hosts of Plasmodium falciparum are female mosquitoes of the Anopheles which also are the transmission vectors. Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for a high number of malarial infections and deaths in humans; however, other hosts include birds, reptiles, chimpanzees, and rodents. Of all the cases of malaria since 1990 in Canada, 90 percent have been found in British Columbia, Ontario, and Quebec. Two epidemics have occurred in Canada, the first being from 1986 to 1990. The second epidemic occurred from 1999 to 2000."
Tags: distribution control travel, plasmodium falciparum, symptoms
Abstract For most people living in Third World countries, malaria is a matter of life and death. This paper examines the threat to countries in Africa, Asia, and Central and South America. It discusses the forms of malaria and the main causes of an outbreak. The paper also looks at the organizations involved, which are dedicated to developing vaccines and doing away with the epidemics.
From the Paper "Another controversial treatment for the mosquitoes is the use of DDT. DDT has been shown to be the most cost-effective and safe insecticide available. Many studies are being conducted to determine if DDT has any side effects that may contribute to the premature death of many infants (Bates, Curtis, Roberts, Sharp, Shiff, Tren, 2004) One of the best methods of control in areas with seasonal malaria, is indoor residual spraying (Tren, TechCentral Station, 2004). Small amounts of the insecticides are sprayed on the walls of the houses where the adult mosquitoes rest. The cost of treatment for malaria is estimated at $12 billion per year."
Abstract This paper explains that malaria was once thought to have nearly disappeared, but in recent years has made a comeback in some areas due to lack of pesticide control of mosquitoes, the carriers of the disease, and to mosquitoes becoming resistant to the pesticides. The author points out that malaria can be difficult to diagnose in many cases because of the diversity of symptoms that can differ between adults and children and because the disease can lie dormant for months or even years. The paper relates that the disease can build up immunity to the treatments, which may be one of the most difficult obstacles to overcome in finally eradicating the disease.
Table of Contents:
Detection of the Disease
Types of the Disease
Symptoms
Treatment
From the Paper "Malaria has been known as a deadly disease for centuries. Two authors note the origin of the name fits where it still exists most commonly today. They write, "The origin of the name malaria, meaning 'bad air,' stems from the Roman period in Italy when the Romans first associated the disease with the stench of swamps." Malaria is spread through the blood, specifically by mosquitoes that carry the disease and spread it when they bite a victim. The insects are also exposed to the disease when they bite a victim (human or other) that carries the disease. Mosquito spraying ..."
Abstract This seven-page undergraduate paper outlines the problems and issues related to airport malaria, and concentrates on public health concerns over its control. The most recent recommendations from WHO are included.
Abstract The paper discusses how malaria is one of the major public health challenges in some of the poorest countries around the world. The paper looks at the work of global organizations, such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) in combating this disease and shows how these efforts are hugely insufficient. The paper contends that because this misfortune is not seen and felt on a personal level, civilized society has chosen to ignore it. The paper appends a large amount of source material to the paper.
From the Paper "Malaria is one of the major public health challenges in some of the poorest countries around the world. Malaria is a huge problem to underprivileged countries that cannot afford to maintain proper health care standards such as sanitary water, food, medicine and sanitation. Because of this, health care prevention suffers and inhabitants of these cultures are largely at risk for developing disease and dying because they do not have the appropriate resources to combat illness."
Abstract This paper discusses how malaria in Western Kenya, an increasingly serious disease, is responsible for more deaths in the area than HIV/AIDS. The paper reports that the advent and introduction of impregnated mosquito bed netting has raised hopes of a new method of combating malaria. According to the paper, numerous studies attest to the fact that impregnated nets significantly reduce the transmission and infection of malaria in the region; especially among very young children.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Brief Overview
Literature Review
Recommendations and Conclusion
From the Paper "The literature also provides a wide range of studies that show that previous conventional methods of fighting malaria have proven in general to be ineffective. This aspect is concisely outlined in an article entitled, When Disease Resists; Malaria's Toll Rises in Tropical Regions As Effectiveness of Chloroquine Falls Off by David Brown ( 1994. ) This article refers to an aspect that has already been touched on; namely that the malaria parasite has become resistant to many previously effective agents. "...the microorganism that causes malaria had become resistant to chloroquine, the standard medicine used to prevent and treat the disease for the previous 40 years." ( Brown,1994) The study also refers particularly to the Kenyan situation."... researchers in Kenya - where chloroquine has been useless for a decade - reported that more than 25 percent of malaria cases in a recent study were resistant to the two more modern and expensive antimalarial drugs, mefloquine and doxycycline." ( Brown,1994) This again raises the central concern that modern drugs are proving to be less and less effective in the fight against malaria."
Abstract This paper covers the first medical maps made and includes copies of each map described. The paper describes the disease of malaria and how modern medical mapping is applied to the study of malaria.
Introduction
Medical Maps
Diseases around the World Being Mapped
Conclusion
From the Paper "Malaria kills a child every 30 seconds in developing nations. Despite numerous attempts to exterminate it, malaria is one of the few diseases that have been able to continue to spread. During the 1950's, the world health organization stated that Malaria would be eradicated by the use of DDT by the end of the decade. DDT, a miracle insecticide was found in the 1960's to continually decrease in effectiveness. DDT was able to stop large populations of mosquitoes from developing to adulthood. The extermination of mosquitoes, in theory, would destroy the carrier of Malaria, and the disease would die out. DDT was found to have adverse effects in the several environmental areas. The insecticide is soluble in fat. If fish take in the insecticide by consumption of food in an area that has been applied with DDT, then the DDT is concentrated in the fatty tissues of the fish. The fish then can be consumed by a bird, but the bird will most likely consume many fish in one day. This growth in concentration of DDT creates abnormal effects in animals that are high on the food chain. DDT was found to cause the calcium in bird eggs to leech out, making the egg walls very thin, and easily cracked. The cracking of eggs caused the decrease of many bird populations. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) banned its use n December of 1972 because of the adverse effects the DDT caused. The banning of the DDT chemical for broad use in many highly developed countries spurred the development of other ways to stop the spread of malaria. The extermination of mosquitoes became an unviable avenue. After the banning of DDT in the United State, the focus became clear that Malaria must be contained by the use of drugs that would be distributed to people."
Tags: drug, manufacturers, infections, evolving, resistant, doctors, geographers, world
Abstract The paper discusses how the World Health Organization makes use of qualitative as well as quantitative research to address problems such as malaria containment and the health and psychological consequences of the tsunami in East Asia. The paper points out the different approaches to conducting qualitative research that were employed in the malaria and tsunami studies.
From the Paper "Interviewers are trained "to assess the specific control interventions planned" for different countries in the area of malaria containment ("Training workshop on Methods for Evaluation of Pilot Intervention Studies of the Malaria Control for Ethnic Minorities in the Greater Mekong Subregion Project," 2006, WHO). Persons in the field are also trained so WHO can deploy both "qualitative and quantitative methods" and a drive to recruit local interviewers is crucial because currently access to such anecdotal data is limited, "especially in qualitative methods"."
