Abstract This paper looks at the way in which juvenile offenders were punished as harshly as adult offenders and were subject to corporal and capital punishment, prior to the 1800's. It discusses how the current American system of juvenile justice is based on hundreds of years of legal traditions, some of which are discussed in brief in this paper.
From the Paper "In the early 1800's, people were starting to see children in a different light, as persons at a unique level of human development rather than little adults; with equal moral and cognitive capacities. Several alternatives to imprisonment came about during the 1800's. The cottage system eliminated large congregate living situations and placed smaller cottage-like buildings together. The placing out system placed adolescents from urban slum areas with families in rural areas to teach them how to work and learn under the guidance of a family. Upper class, troubled adolescents were sent to military school to learn discipline. In the late 1800's and early 1900's, juvenile and family courts were established to separate juvenile delinquents from adult criminals. The child-saving movement was started at this time and the juvenile system was changed to include juvenile, courts, probation, child guidance clinics, truant officers and reformatories."
Abstract This paper is an analysis of the many different issues and arguments that occur when the topic of physician-assisted suicide is discussed. The paper looks at some of the ethical questions raised on both sides of the debate and looks at how other countries worldwide have dealt with similar issues. he author presents arguments in support of euthanasia, including its use in cases of patients who are terminally ill, or have suddenly suffered a debilitating handicap, such as a brain or spinal cord injury that prohibits them from being able to function in society. According to the author, these patients feel that they have the right to choose when and how they will live, or die. The Oregon's "Death with Dignity Law," is an example of how one state has dealt with this pressing issue. The author argues that those who oppose this type of law fail to recognize that they are a way to prevent its reckless abuse, and therefore protect the patient.
From the Paper "Next, supporters of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide argue that individuals suffering from advanced terminal illnesses experience a total loss of quality of life due to incurable, protracted medical conditions (Humphrey). Traditional forms of suicide often concern individuals who decide to terminate their life because of short-term emotional, financial, and/or psychological difficulties. However, with euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide, the difficulty which has caused an individual to consider ending his or her life, i.e., an advanced terminal illness, is not a short-term problem for which a cure or resolution exists. While numerous medical advances have been made with respect to certain diseases and illnesses such as AIDS, cancer, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease, the fact is that there is no cure in sight for any of these diseases or illnesses. Thus, it must be asked whether it is ethical or morally right to prolong an individual's life simply for the sake of life itself."
This paper reviews the book "Gideon's Trumpet," about a hobo and real-life convict in Florida in the 1960s whose fight for freedom led to a landmark case being heard in the United States Supreme Court.
Abstract This is a book review of Anthony Lewis' book, "Gideon's Trumpet." The legal figures and details of this case are presented to the reader, who is taken through all of the different stages in order to understand the process involved this type of legal case. The book gives the reader insight into how legal verdicts are reached, including the process the judge must go through in order to reach a binding decision. It looks at an individual's right to counsel, how the courts can influence the formulation of state and federal laws and serves as a good resource for law students seeking to learn about the legal system in the United States.
From the Paper "The book as a highly informational literary work to the ordinary reader sends that reader to a crash course in rules of court and how judges and justices reach verdicts. It tells him how a complaint moves from the first step to the middle and the last, how it is taken up or rejected. And because it talks about a true-to-life case of a convict who petitions the highest Court of the land for his own release and obtains that petition, the book is a call for courage and encouragement in the presence and supremacy of justice even among weak, erratic human beings in robes."
Abstract An argumentative essay in support of the right of a person to choose the time, place and method of his own death. The paper studies the legal and moral aspects of euthanasia in America today, and how the general public views this topic.
From the Paper "Modern medicine has been beneficial in improving the quality of life, but it sometimes has been accompanied by harmful and dehumanizing effects. Many terminally ill people have been kept alive against their will by advanced medical technologies and have been denied assistance in dying. I believe that now is the time for our society to recognize that terminally ill individuals have the right to choose the time, place, and manner of their own death. Euthanasia should be legalized because one's rights as a human being allows him or her to make their own decisions. These persons should be allowed their human rights, dignity, and self- determination."
Abstract This paper outlines the positive side to the drug, marijuana. The writer claims that marijuana should be legalized for a myriad or reasons: Healing benefits for the ill, positive impact on the clothing industry, the paper industry and a source of fuel.
From the Paper "Marijuana would greatly benefit the trees of the world. "Interest in this plant as a producer of high-quality, sustainable fiber has resurfaced worldwide with concern about the paper industry's voracious appetite for trees" (SunHemp). By using the fibers of the plant paper can be produced. It seems as though many people do not realize this and it is very easily overlooked. Recycling paper could become a thing of the past."
Abstract This paper examines whether or not gender bias plays a role in the courts decisions to convict women and sentence them to death for violent crimes. In order to try to answer these questions, the paper begins by giving a brief history of capital punishment in the United States. The author also discusses some different cases where women were convicted of violent crimes and received the death penalty. The author presents the many factors that were considered when deciding on the sentencing including how gender bias affects the courts' decision when handing down sentencing and how women are often viewed as being victims, as is often the case in domestic abuse, when charged with a crime. The final issue discussed is the role that politics plays in perpetuating how women and capital cases are often dealt with in America.
From the Paper "The case of Karla Faye Tucker has been famous. Karla had killed two people with a pickaxe in 1984. She was put on death row for fourteen years, and in that time, had claimed she found Jesus. She died by lethal injection on February 3rd, 1998. Why such a long wait? If Karla were a male, would the Supreme Court have to wait so long to prove an execution? Well, yes, actually. The courts want a long time to confirm the death sentence on a criminal so they can be precise and just. What perhaps happened to Karla was there were many pleas to free her and, since she was a woman, the court felt it should do something for her sake. For a while, no one had really paid a great deal of concentration to the gender bias until this recent case."
Abstract The paper argues against the Constitution's raising of the legal drinking age to 21 years nationwide. The paper discusses the rise in alcoholism among teenagers since the act came into effect in 1984 and several other reasons why the law should be removed. Finally, it touches on the the fact that the law can be seen as unconstitutional for it clearly favors federal jurisdiction where there should be none.
From the Paper "At age 18, an American can vote, fight and die in a war, marry, own homes and cars, and even firearms. But these rights somehow do not measure up to the right to drink beer, wine, and spirits. The spectre of Prohibition loomed when Americans decided that alcohol consumption was so sacred and powerful that citizens can vote before they can consume alcohol legally. The paradox is astounding but fails to impress American puritanical standards."
Abstract The author states that, in the United States, the evolution of labor law has reflected a greater concern for the well being of the employee. Many labor laws such as the Equal Pay Act of 1963, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and American with Disabilities Act (ADA) are presented. The paper concludes that the recognition of the fundamental rights of workers has lead to a safer and more employee friendly work environment.
From the Paper "The Equal Pay Act of 1963 requires employers to provide equal pay for equal work regardless of sex. This act has become more and more important along the years since its implementation because in today's market woman are working and providing for families along with men. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits the discrimination of employees on the basis of race, sex, color, religion, or national origin."
The uses of x-rays in medico-legal contexts. Includes physical abuse, examples, neuroimaging, interpretation, identifying human remains and archaeology.
2,250 words (approx. 9 pages), 19 sources, 2000, $ 79.95
From the Paper "The purpose of this research is to examine the emerging field of forensic radiology. The plan of the research will be to set forth a working definition of the discipline of forensic pathology and then to discuss the ways in which the discipline is developing, not only on account of methods employed in recent years to exploit the technical capabilities of x-ray technology but also (and more crucially) on account of the enlarged range of medical and legal applications implied by improved technical capabilities.
What must be understood first about forensic radiology is that as of late 1998 it is not a term in wide and common use in the professional literature. To be sure, forensic medicine has long been a part of scientific discourse, associated in both the popular culture and in scientific, professional, and law-..."
From the Paper In recent years, a controversy has arisen over the issue of whether or not motorcycle riders should be required by law to wear helmets. Those who favor such laws claim that helmets help to reduce the occurrence of head injuries in motorcycle accidents. As such, it is argued that the use of helmets helps in reducing the number of deaths and disabilities which are caused by such injuries. Those who are opposed to mandatory helmet laws claim that the motorcycle rider cannot see or hear properly while wearing a helmet. In addition, the opponents of laws mandating helmets argue that they have a right to freedom of choice in the matter. It is argued that the government has no right to legislate on this issue, and that any attempt to do so is an infringement of personal liberties.
At this time, the controversy over motorcycle helmets is ... "
This paper will discuss the history and application of the exclusionary rule as it has been applied to searches. The first part of the paper will describe the Fourth Amendment protection against unreasonable searches and seizures, as well as the purpose and goals of the exclusionary rule. The second part will discuss the evolution of the exclusionary rule. The third part will examine the exceptions to the exclusionary rule.
The application of the exclusionary rule to evidence seized during searches was developed over time as a "remedy" for unreasonable searches and seizures by the government. The Fourth Amendment contains the prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures and the exclusionary rule generally requires the exclusion from trial of any evidence seized in violation of the Fourth Amendment."
Abstract This paper outlines the issues relating to age discrimination in the workplace and analyzes how far the practice is going on in big and small firms, as well as the readiness of both the managerial group and the employees to face possible age discrimination situations. It evaluates how corporations need to be aware the problem in order to provide a proper retirement program for the employees, so that when their senior age comes, the companies do not receive a lawsuit from disappointed employees. It outlines a study where questionnaires are sent to 25 large firms and 25 small firms in one area querying practices and provides an analysis of the results and reccomendations.
From the Paper "There are some reasons why such discrimination occurs. Experienced workers, some who already reach their golden age would cost more to the company, because of their high salary due to experience and exposure to the company where they know well about what is going on. When a company finds the older employees stay at their retirement age, it realizes how much it would cost. The company may need to pay higher retirement reimburse when it decides to keep older worker together with it for a longer period.
On the other hand, the presence of younger workers would give fresh performance for the company. Despite the less experience that the younger workers have, they perform more productive working performance compared to older workers, as older workers would need to deal with their physical challenge."
Abstract This paper questions how much social responsibility the American individual should have. It shows that the past 250 years have provided Americans with the idea that their individual wants and desires supersede any social need. As the nation faces new troubles, such as terrorism attacks, a slumping economy and other problems, it is becoming important to blend the individual rights with a duty to recognize and act on social responsibility. The paper concludes that if Americans do not begin to spend more time on social responsibility the nation faces the possibility of having to fight for individuals rights.
From the Paper "This is the importance of human individual rights. The right to live peacefully and to pursue happiness is given to each and every person who resides within the boundaries of America. This right is so protected that the Supreme Court is charged with the decision in each case to know if the rights of an individual have been violated or not. If a federal or state government body tries to enact a law that infringes on individual rights the Supreme Court will intervene and stop the law. This is what the nation has been built on and it is what is upheld at the cost and exclusion of all else."
Abstract Business law brings order to the world of commerce by governing all aspects of business relations from the formation of companies to day-to-day transactions. This paper provides a general overview of business law and covers issues such as socially irresponsible corporations, government regulations, anti-trust provisions and mergers and acquisitions.
From the Paper "Corporations have a responsibility to the society in which they operate and not merely to their shareholders. They have a fiduciary responsibility to shareholders and are in effect representing those shareholders in business, producing goods and services, amassing a return on the investment of the shareholders, and then returning a proper share of that return to those shareholders. If the corporation does not act with a sense of responsibility, however, that reflects badly on the corporation and so on the shareholders, reducing their return. In today's business environment, there are any number of actions which a company might take that would be perceived as socially irresponsible, and more and more companies are finding that if this does occur and is found out, the company and its shareholders suffer."
Abstract This persuasive paper provides support for the legalization of gambling in the U.S. It argues that since 48 states already support gambling in some form or another, there is no reason why gambling of all forms should be allowed in all states. The paper looks at the financial benefits of gambling to America's economy and argues that gambling is no bigger a vice than smoking or drinking alcohol.
From the Paper "Gambling should also be legalized because on-line stock trading is legal. On-line trading is the buying and selling of stocks and bonds over the Internet for persons 21 and over. The trading of stocks over the Internet is essentially gambling, with the same outcomes of winning and losing money. The stock market is designed for careful investors who research and plan their buying and selling. With the establishment of on-line stock trading the market has become a form of gambling. Now people who have the required $1,000 to establish an Internet account just sit down at their computers and "bet" on whether a company's stock will go up or down to "win" the trader money, just like betting on whether a seven or eleven will come up on the dice."
