From the Paper "The British and United States court systems are both consist of a series of courts. These levels of jurisdiction begin with the court of original jurisdiction and continue upward through a series of courts of appeal. The labels of these courts and their jurisdictions vary in both the British and American systems. The courts of the United Kingdom in utilizes two distinct systems of law. England's and Wales' court decisions are based on common law. Scotland derives its legal system from Roman law (Abraham, 1993, p. 10). The United states legal system is founded on the principles of common law. The legal system in America was initially based on the common law of England when the thirteen original colonies attained their independence. Because of the derivation of the U.S. court system from the courts of England, the two have many similar aspects. The two systems diverge in ..."
Overviews the history and social benefits of quasi-public youth sports (e.g. Little League) and concepts of legal liability, insurance and risk exposure.
4,500 words (approx. 18 pages), 34 sources, 1995, $ 135.95
From the Paper "RISK MANAGEMENT IN YOUTH ATHLETICS
Introduction
This research examines the application of the concepts of risk management in the administration of youth athletic programs. The term "youth athletic programs," as the term is defined for purposes of this research, does not refer to youth athletic activities conducted under the aegis of school boards or administrations..public or private. Rather, for purposes of this research, the term "youth athletic programs" refers to programs administered by quasi.public organizations such as Little League Baseball, Pop Warner Football, and the YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association).
The findings of this research are presented in three major discussions. The first discussion provides an overview of the ..."
Examines its development since 1965, pros and cons, constitutionality, politics, minority status, Clinton policy, race-neutral solutions and the future.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 13 sources, 1995, $ 95.95
From the Paper "Affirmative action, a series of steps, procedures, policies, and programs designed to overcome the present effects of past discrimination on members of minority groups, is a measure designed to protect the American dream. The American dream is based on the precepts of fairness, honesty, and freedom from prejudice. Adherents of affirmative action maintain that the most effective way to preserve this fragile dream is for hiring agencies to take steps that will ensure that minorities are given an "added boost" in the hiring marketplace.
Statements about what affirmative action is not are in actuality statements about what it should not be. An EEO publication (Equal Employment Opportunity) offers these statements to clarify the issue: "Affirmative action should not be reverse discrimination against non-minorities nor males; it is ..."
Abstract This paper aims to prove that the U.S. government should not regulate the Internet. It shows how the government has used a number of reasons to support its quest for regulation, such as protecting children, yet it has ignored the fact that there are other methods to control harmful and illegal material online without hindering the Internet's growth and capabilities. It examines how the Internet is currently a major example of the First Amendment: freedom of speech and how on the Internet, people can say whatever they want without consequence. It attempts to assess how it would be impossible for any single government or nation to completely regulate the internet, because by nature, the Internet is resistant to control and regulation.
From the Paper "The government claims that the Internet should be regulated because pornographic and hate sites need to be controlled. However, these sites are only a very small part of the Internet. In addition, there are already existing laws throughout the world that regulate these sites, enabling authorities to track, investigate, arrest and convict parties engaging in illegal Internet activities, including credit fraud, hacking, pedophilia and more (117).
Government regulation, such as blocking Web sites from harmful or illegal content is a drastic and unnecessary measure that does solve the problems presented by the Internet. Even if the regulation were successful, it would be impossible to solve the problem of sites outside the U.S. The government still continue to argues that this regulation is necessary, particularly to protect the children."
Abstract The paper shows how the American women's right movements has developed into official gender equality since its beginnings in the eighteenth century. It traces the movement from the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 and discusses how women's struggle for suffrage finally resulted in the 19th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution in 1920 which gave women the right to vote. The paper follows an improvement in women's rights through the Great Depression and the Second World War and the emergence of the feminist movement in the 1960's. Finally, the paper looks at recent years, with the most notable achievement of the movement being the financial liberation of women.
From the Paper "In the 150 years since that first, landmark Women's Rights Convention, women have made clear progress in the areas addressed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton in her revolutionary Declaration of Sentiments. Not only have women won the right to vote; we are being elected to public office at all levels of government. In the world of work, large numbers of women have entered the professions, the trades, and businesses of every kind. We have opened the ranks of the clergy, the military, and the newsroom. More than three million women now work in occupations considered "nontraditional" until very recently (Hess 201). We have a lot to be proud of in this heroic legacy, and a great deal to celebrate on the 150th Anniversary of the founding of the Women's Rights Movement."
Abstract This paper examines the relationship between the parapazzi (journalistic photographers) and celebrities, which has been bought into the spotlight by the death of Princess Diana in a car crash trying to escape from them. It evaluates the lack of clear cut boundaries when it comes to the paparazzi and their rights and proposes a new law to be enacted that will restrict the photographing of the famous to public events or events that the paparazzi is invited to by the star in question. Anything outside of those boundaries should be considered a crime. It reviews several famous court cases on the topic of invasion of privacy of celebrities and argues that celebrities should not have to give up their right to basic privacy simply by becoming famous.
From the Paper "For many years the press and the famous were friends. The press attended openings of films, causes that were important to the stars, and other events in which the public had an interest, and the celebrity benefited from their presence. It began to change several decades ago when the press began to invade the private lives of the celebrities that they covered. Over the years there have been several famous court cases in which the celebrity has asked for relief from such stalking and harassment from the press."
Abstract This paper examines the steps taken to transform an agreement into a contract. A contract's essential, natural and accidental elements are described, and the issues which are necessary for a valid contract, and for a contract to be legally binding, are outlined. The paper presents an overview of the necessary provisions written contracts must have. The stages a contract goes through are illustrated. Limitations of contracts are provided, and compensatory damages for a breach of contract are discussed.
From the Paper "A contract exists when two parties agree to exchange property, money or service. It is an agreement to do or not to do something. An agreement is, therefore, the most important prerequisite of a contract, whereby the parties assent mutually to the terms of the agreement or understanding. It is a promise made by the parties to each other (Legal Information Institute). Contracts, at times, are used interchangeably with covenant and stipulation, but not every agreement is a contract: only agreements, which are legally enforceable are considered contracts."
Abstract This paper considers the ways in which technology and innovation have challenged the music industry, with an economic perspective in mind, drawing on current articles and supports. In particular, it looks at the move from the LP to the CD and more recently, the innovation of MP3 technology which has forced the industry to make swift choices about marketing strategies. It evaluates the legal aspects of downloading free music from the internet and copyright violations through examples of lawsuits.
From the Paper "Even though bootlegged copies of popular albums had been available for decades, the poor quality of these products limited this impact on the music industry. But the emergence of the MP3 changed not only the way that consumers accessed product, but also the way that artists and their labels contemplated their business. The quality of the product offered by MP3 technology rivaled the CD market, leaving little room for consumer discretion in this regard."
Abstract This paper examines health care records in the networked computerized age and the legislation that protects the patient's privacy. It describes the new law and illustrates its difficult application in a real working environment. The author of the paper illustrates the dangers of networked patient health information as it passes between medical professionals, and how it's susceptible to hackers.
From the Paper "Patient privacy is becoming a very important issue. It is so important that legislation has been passed to make sure that doctors and other health care providers retain the confidentiality of their patients' records. The legislation, called HIPAA, is very hard to implement, however, because of the use of technology to transfer patient information. Any time computers are involved extra safeguards need to be put into place in order to make sure that hackers cannot get into the system and access patient files."
Abstract This paper examines the drug marijuana, generally disapproved of for causing lethargy and memory loss, which shares tobacco's propensity for causing lung cancer and it is widely and safely used by a significant percentage of America's population. It provides a history of the drug use in America and the fight against it over the years as well as its legality throughout the country. It analyses the dangers of smoking marijuana through various literature reviews and studies. It puts forward a research design to measure the hypothesis that recreational marijuana use is no more dangerous than smoking cigarettes in quantities that constitute normal use among Americans by looking at both American and Dutch populations.
From the Paper "The amount of money the United States spends "fighting" drug use every year is in the range of 35-40 billion dollars, equal to the annual budget of Russia. This herculean effort has met with little success; the Economist article reports that almost a third of Americans over 12 years of age admit to having tried drugs at some point, while over 26 million admit to having used drugs within the past year. Three fourths of all drug users in the United States are marijuana smokers."
Abstract This research paper argues that the U.S. government should not regulate the Internet. One important reason is that it would go against the nations? right to freedom of speech. The government has used a number of reasons to support its quest for regulation, such as protecting children, yet it has ignored the fact that there are other methods to control harmful and illegal material online without hindering the Internet's growth and capabilities. This paper shows that it would be impossible for any single government or nation to completely regulate the Internet, because by nature, the internet is resistant to control and regulation.
From the Paper "The government claims that the Internet should be regulated because pornographic and hate sites need to be controlled. However, these sites are only a very small part of the Internet. In addition, there are already existing laws throughout the world that regulate these sites, enabling authorities to track, investigate, arrest and convict parties engaging in illegal Internet activities, including credit fraud, hacking, pedophilia and more (117). Government regulation, such as blocking Web sites from harmful or illegal content is a drastic and unnecessary measure that does solve the problems presented by the Internet. Even if the regulation were successful, it would be impossible to solve the problem of sites outside the U.S. The government still continue to argues that this regulation is necessary, particularly to protect the children."
Abstract This paper examines the famous case of Napster being sued by the RIAA over copyright infringement by their technology that allowed individual users to share personal recordings across the Internet. It looks at the arguments from both sides against restraint, the legal position of both sides and the ethics of the whole episode. It evaluates how Napster's enterprise deprived artists of their rightful profit from their work even though it probabley was not the intent upon Napster's entry into the marketplace and whether Napster were really at fault since they posted the copyright rules on their web site.
From the Paper "The RIAA claimed that Napster did not have any non-infringing uses that were commercially significant. The RIAA also claimed that copying off a television program is different than copying and distributing off a cd. Napster's position was that they were comparable to Sony because they are providing the directory that enables users to use it for non-infringing purposes. In this phase of the argument, both parties made reference to the Universal City Studios v. Sony case. Which determined that it was OK to videotape television shows for personal use. In Sony, why isn't it acceptable to copy music from the Internet for personal use?"
Abstract This paper examines how the powers between the President and Congress are defined in the U.S. Constitution. The paper begins with an overview of the powers of the Executive Branch as outlined in Article II of the Constitution. This is followed by a detailed discussion of the Legislative Branch's exact powers and discusses why the process is divided into three forms of legislation. The paper also discusses that the reason so much power was given to Congress was to guarantee that the needs of the people were adequately addressed and respected. This basic philosophy is one of checks and balances, where the Congress can make the laws, but it is only the President, or Executive Branch that can enforce these laws in order to insure that the country remains a democracy.
From the Paper "Where Congress can fund and form a military, the President is the Commander in Chief of all the armed forces. As such, he has the power to decide when and were military forces are sent and how they are employed. The significance of this power has been demonstrated in conflicts from Vietnam until now where the President has routinely utilized military powers to assert American will around the world without first getting the approval of congress. The President also has the power to grant reprieves and pardons, to make treaties, to create and manage agencies that form the various functional enforcement system (enforcement of legislation). The President is granted the power to appoint, under congressional review, individuals to the cabinet (Federalist Papers 67-77)."
Abstract This paper begins by explaining the history of lie detecting by showing an example of how the Chinese used rice to test salivation and continues to Farwell's "Brain Fingerprinting" device. It also explores several cases involving polygraph, and problems in current polygraph investigations. Examined are polygraphs, including ones from historical sources, as well as those being developed on the cutting edge of technology.
From the Paper "Aldrich Hazen Ames, a 31 year veteran of the Central Intelligence Agency, was arrested on February 24, 1994 on charges of espionage. The FBI's investigation had begun in May of the previous year, after Ames began depositing large sums of money at times that correlated with the identification and execution of several CIA and FBI agents operating in Russia (FBI). Despite being a double agent for eight years, Ames passed each and every polygraph examination (Stroh)."
Abstract Discusses use of hormone therapy, or chemical castration, as an effective treatment program for recidivist sex offenders. Describes how hormone therapy works. States that permit its use. Controversy over the treatment regarding medical risks and Constitutional issues. Research studies conducted on effectiveness. Need for psychological therapy Need for future research studies.
From the Paper "For many years, the U.S. has sought to eliminate sexual offenses by treating sexual offenders with various methods such as behavioral modification therapy, relapse prevention and cognitive reconditioning (?Review of the research literature,? 2001, p. 5). Since 1981, with the discovery of the effectiveness of specific hormones in reducing testosterone levels in human beings (Berlin & Meinecke, 1981), hormone therapy, known as chemical castration, has been tested extensively on sex offenders. Essentially, the objective of administering these drugs is to reduce the blood serum testosterone levels and lead to a concomitant decrease in sexual arousal and sexual preoccupations. The drugs work by acting on the hypothalamus..."
