Abstract
"Affirmative action is designed to help eliminate past and present discrimination based on race, gender, and national origin, particularly in employment and education

From the Paper
"Affirmative action is designed to help eliminate past and present discrimination based on race, gender, and national origin, particularly in employment and education. Numerous affirmative action programs have been implemented in both the public and the private sector, ranging from almost all government bodies to nearly every university and large corporation. Ironically, though the goal of affirmative action is equality, many challenge such programs precisely on those grounds. Opponents say that choosing one person over another because of their race, gender, or national origin is always wrong, no matter how noble the goal. This paper will examine affirmative action, from its history to its current retrenchment to possible alternatives.

Affirmative action seeks to create more opportunities for ..."

Abstract
The American court system is structured to be adversarial. Nowhere is the form of argument taken to a higher level. Lawyers by definition should be great debaters, paid to make the best arguments in favor of their clients. Only when lawyers make the best arguments do they succeed in proving their case and perform their job successfully.

From the Paper
"The American court system is structured to be adversarial. Nowhere is the form of argument taken to a higher level. Lawyers by definition should be great debaters, paid to make the best arguments in favor of their clients. Only when lawyers make the best arguments do they succeed in proving their case and perform their job successfully. Currently the lawyers at the Microsoft Corporation are busy trying to come up with the best arguments possible to prove the company has not been engaged in the monopolistic and anticompetitive practices of which it has been accused.

A brief synapsis of what led to the situation Microsoft now finds itself in is presented at the onset of this paper. It includes a brief history and description of U.S. antitrust..."

Abstract
"Freedom of the Press is a phrase given high value in the American system, but it is not an absolute. Freedom of the Press is found in the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, and the courts give great importance to this amendment when considering competing rights.

From the Paper
"Freedom of the Press is a phrase given high value in the American system, but it is not an absolute. Freedom of the Press is found in the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, and the courts give great importance to this amendment when considering competing rights. Still, there are cases where the courts find that the press goes too far, and the public often believes this is true. Unethical behavior by the press is behavior that goes against a fundamental and protected individual right and that does so by breaking one of the elements of the currently adopted Code of Ethics. Recently, the Society of Professional Journalists held a meeting in Arlington, Virginia at which those attending the convention voted on a new Ethics Code. The code contains the four principles seen as most important in ethical behavior for journalists by this group..."

Abstract
In the early 1990s, many American cities used youth curfews to combat juvenile crime, and at the time, civil liberties groups opposed the measures as indiscriminate restrictions on the free movement of innocent and guilty alike ("Young Criminals: Early to Bed").

From the Paper
"In the early 1990s, many American cities used youth curfews to combat juvenile crime, and at the time, civil liberties groups opposed the measures as indiscriminate restrictions on the free movement of innocent and guilty alike ("Young Criminals: Early to Bed"). Curfews have been instituted even more widely since then, with varying results. Curfews are also used to combat specific kinds of problem, as when cities use curfews to address a local gang problem or the prevalence of young drug dealers on streetcorners. Curfew restrictions are popular in some areas and unpopular in others, popular with the older generation and unpopular with the younger. They have been effective in some situations and not in others. An analysis of the issue suggests reasons for the disparity.

Curfew restrictions extend back many years, and one of the ..."

Abstract
A research proposal to determine if the justice system fails to rehabilitate offenders. Examines recidivism, stigmatization and at-risk youths.

From the Paper
"The Effects of the Criminal Justice System on Criminal Behavior:
Are Youthful Minor Offenders Condemned for Life?

I. Statement of the Problem
Recidivism is the propensity of persons convicted of criminal behavior to continue and even expand that behavior after leaving the care of the criminal justice system. Recidivism rates of up to 90% have been reported (Brier, 1994, 215). Thus, prior involvement with crime is often the single best predictor of future involvement with crime. The unanswered question, however, is whether past criminal behavior alone is the major culprit, or whether there is an intervening variable that enhances the potential for future crime. There is evidence that the criminal justice system is little more than a crime ..."

Abstract
This study examines various aspects of the criminal justice system's response to juvenile delinquency. First, the question of whether blacks and whites are treated differently by that system is assessed

From the Paper
"Abstract
This study examines various aspects of the criminal justice system's response to juvenile delinquency. First, the question of whether blacks and whites are treated differently by that system is assessed. Differences in the level and types of delinquent behavior engaged in by black and white youths are examined, as are differences in the types of punishments given to black and white juvenile offenders. Also, the question of whether the criminal justice system (as currently composed) actually serves as little more than a "criminal academy," is examined. The dependent variables for the first two questions are levels of delinquency and severity of response by authority to delinquent behavior. The independent variables for these questions is race of the offender. The dependent variable for the third question is ..."

Abstract
Introduction
When people think of problems with child labor, they do not think of the United States anymore. The United States has laws that establish how children must be to perform certain kinds of work, and those laws are strictly enforced. The new face of child labor involves children from developing countries, often children who are working in factories to create goods that are then sold to consumers in the United States. Rugs, soccer balls, clothing all of these have been in the news because of the exploitative child labor practices of the suppliers and producers of these products.

From the Paper
"Global Child Labor Practices

Introduction
When people think of problems with child labor, they do not think of the United States anymore. The United States has laws that establish how children must be to perform certain kinds of work, and those laws are strictly enforced. The new face of child labor involves children from developing countries, often children who are working in factories to create goods that are then sold to consumers in the United States. Rugs, soccer balls, clothing all of these have been in the news because of the exploitative child labor practices of the suppliers and producers of these products.

The International Labor Organization estimated that approximately 250 million children in developing countries are ..."

From the Paper
"PEER-TO-PEER SEXUAL HARASSMENT

Sexual harassment can undermine the effectiveness of school systems. This is a problem that administrators must take seriously. The best way to prevent violence in the school is to teach children how to resolve conflicts and express anger. This requires changing their beliefs, attitudes and behaviors.

According to the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), sexual harassment is a form of sexual discrimination that violates Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (OEEO, 1992, p. 1). Additionally, "victims of sexual harassment and other forms of sex discrimination in schools may sue for monetary damages" under Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, which "prohibits discrimination on the basis of gender in schools and colleges that receive federal funding" (Lumsden, 1992, ..."

From the Paper
"This research will examine issue fronts concerning nepotism in the award of contracts or jobs in public administration. The research will set forth the background and context in which nepotism has emerged as an element of public administration and then discuss legal and ethical aspects informing the doling out of jobs and contracts by elected or appointed public officials to their relatives. The principal focus of research will be on small municipalities, but the connections between the vicissitudes of contract awards and other government practices and policies that entail competition for some kind of government funds can be seen in the wider area of affirmative action and minority-group grant and educational set-asides, as well as accompanying regulatory and bureaucratic apparatus.

The achievements of the American civil rights movement of the ..."

From the Paper
"HATE CRIMES AND HATE LEGISLATION

This research paper discusses the nature and incidence of hate crimes in the United States and laws which have been enacted or proposed to deal with them. Although the evidence is not conclusive that the number of hate crimes has actually increased in recent decades, their frequency suggests that racial, ethnic and other minorities have been threatened by them. The response has been a rash of legislation at state and federal levels, much of which is of questionable effectiveness. This legislation should be understood as being an outlet for society's frustration with hate crimes and as an exercise in political symbolism rather than as a serious attempt to deal with the underlying problems involved."

Abstract
"The Bill of Rights, the most celebrated part of the United States Constitution, almost seems like an afterthought. The Constitution, which spelled out the form of the national government and delineated the responsibilities of each branch, was ratified in 1788.

From the Paper
"The Bill of Rights, the most celebrated part of the United States Constitution, almost seems like an afterthought. The Constitution, which spelled out the form of the national government and delineated the responsibilities of each branch, was ratified in 1788. Three years later Congress added 10 amendments (the Bill of Rights) that guaranteed individual liberties. This paper will summarize why those amendments were included, and analyze whether the Bill of Rights altered the Constitution or merely strengthened it.

The 1780s were a time of triumph and turmoil in America. The decisive American victory at Yorktown in 1781 guaranteed the nation s independence, confirmed two years later by a peace treaty with England that recognized the new nation. The fledgling nation s government, however, was in disarray. The ..."

Abstract
John Marshall was the third Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, and he headed the Court during the era when the primary function of the Supreme Court was asserted, the task of settling constitutional disputes and deciding on the constitutionality of issues raised in the courts.

From the Paper
"John Marshall was the third Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, and he headed the Court during the era when the primary function of the Supreme Court was asserted, the task of settling constitutional disputes and deciding on the constitutionality of issues raised in the courts. Probably the most famous case of the Marshall court was indeed that of Marbury v. Madison in 1803, which established the right of the Supreme Court to undertake the judicial review of a congressional statute, a principal that pertains to this day and that gives the Supreme Court the power to overturn statues if they are deemed unconstitutional. The personality of Marshall had much to do with his choice of career, his success, his elevation to this high position, and many of the decisions he made and that his Court made under his tenure...."

Abstract
The collection of 85 essays known collectively as the Federalist Papers, or simply as The Federalist, stand as the chief exposition of the American Constitution and the system of government which it prescribed. The 1787 convention in Philadelphis, which produced the Constitution itself, published and preserved no official record of its deliberations.

From the Paper
"The collection of 85 essays known collectively as the Federalist Papers, or simply as The Federalist, stand as the chief exposition of the American Constitution and the system of government which it prescribed. The 1787 convention in Philadelphis, which produced the Constitution itself, published and preserved no official record of its deliberations. While several members later gave partial and personal accounts of the proceedings, none of these has obtained the weight of the Federalist Papers.

Written variously by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the common pseudonym of Publius, these were originally published as newspaper pieces. The immediate objective was to encourage the adoption of the new Constitution in the place of the nation's original written constitution, the ..."

Abstract
"Though unheralded, social workers serve an indispensable function in American schools. The rise of social work in education matched the expansion of public education, an expansion that began at the turn of the 20th century.

From the Paper
"Though unheralded, social workers serve an indispensable function in American schools. The rise of social work in education matched the expansion of public education, an expansion that began at the turn of the 20th century. Today, social workers have become crucial to the American educational system, even as their mission has become increasingly complicated by regulation and seemingly intractable problems such as drugs, violence, and broken homes. This paper will briefly examine the history of social work, then discuss some of the legal issues that social workers face everyday in America's schools.
School social work began in 1906, as private agencies sprouted up to help underprivileged youth in three eastern cities (Hartford, Boston, and New York). In 1913, the school board in Rochester, New York initiated the first public social work..."

Abstract
A legal analysis of harrassment as sex discrimination.

From the Paper
"Sexual harassment and sexual discrimination in the workplace has always been a problem and has always been of great Importance, but the public's awareness of the issue has not always been high. This changed radically with the Clarence Thomas confirmation hearings in 1991 and with the accusations of sexual harassment leveled against him by Anita Hill. This event more than any other raised sexual harassment to a high position in the public consciousness and made it clear that such activities were degrading to women, harmful to the work environment, and detrimental to public policy. The fact that this problem had been underground for so long also showed that more knowledge of the subject was needed and perhaps that legislation was required to assure a harassment-free workplace in the future."