Abstract The paper shows that in the wake of the much-publicized debacle involving numerous male child molestation cases within the Catholic Church, the vast majority of which were allegedly "covered up" by the leaders of the Catholic Church, Massachusetts passed a new law. It explains that clergy members, as well as paid religious educators and other individuals specified under the law, must report incidents of child abuse, including child sexual abuse. This essay addresses whether the Massachusetts state government and the churches at issue will be able to feasibly manage and enforce the new law.
From the Paper "Fifth, clergy are exempted from the reporting requirements if knowledge of a child abuse incident is solely obtained during a confession or other confidential communication. This exemption for "confidential communications" will also prove problematic. The law gives little guidance as to what is considered a confidential communication. We can quite easily imagine a scenario in which almost every communication or action within a church setting is deemed by the church clergy as "confidential", and therefore, exempt from the reporting law."
Abstract The paper speaks about a community-based strategy, that alows police to trust citizens and citizens to trust, in contrast to traditonal authoritarian modes of policing. The paper explores several models of community-based policing in the world, with a focus on Jamaica.
From the Paper "In recent times, community-based policing, especially in the Western World, particularly in the United States and the UK, has been the preferred way of crime fighting. It has been accepted, however, that because of the differences in cultures, politics and economic infrastructure of societies, there may be some problems in introducing some of these measures that are designed to be more "people-oriented". Nevertheless, while resources may be one problem along with political and economic differences, there is also that problem of social acceptance of measures to be imported into a culture where the citizenry are wary of the intentions of the police force, as in Jamaica."
Tags: Constabulary, Force, Crime, Management, Unit, authoritarian, Anglophone
Abstract A brief opinion paper of the president's political and technical interpretations of their powers as outlined by the Constitution and Federalist Papers.
From the Paper "The Constitution of the United States of America is often called a ?living document,? meaning, that as the times and circumstances surrounding social and political prerogatives change, the Constitution can be interpreted as such to apply to the general statues in question today. In creating the Constitution some two hundred odd years ago, the Founding Fathers provided for this flexibility and interpretation through various means. For instance, the elasticity of the document can be called into question by the ratification of amendments. Furthermore, some areas of governance in the Constitution are narrow and defined, while allow for such interpretation, namely the powers of the chief executive. The powers outlined in the Constitution for the President of the United States of America are general and vague. The forty-three men who have served our country in this executive capacity had differing views on their positions and the presidency as a whole. Many have broadened the powers of the president through executive orders, seeming to act in the face of public interest. Others maintained narrow views of their powers and their capacity to act as based on the Constitution."
From the Paper TELECOMMUNICATIONS ACT OF 1996 AND ITS IMPACT ON BUSINESS
This research paper summarizes the principal features of the federal Telecommunications Act of 1996 (TCA), as it has been interpreted by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and the federal courts, and its principal impact on business.
Outline and Thesis Statement
Outline
1. Background to TCA
2. Technological Developments Which Led to TCA
3. Principal Features of TCA
4. Regulatory and Judicial Framework and Interpretations
5. Impact of TCA on Business
6. Conclusion
Thesis Statement..."
Discusses impact of 1996 legislation on female welfare recipients and their children. Key reform provisions. Characteristics of women on welfare. Weaknesses of the welfare restructuring. Annotated Bibliography.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 10 sources, 2001, $ 119.95
From the Paper "With much fanfare, President Bill Clinton signed a welfare reform act in August 1996 that ended the federal government's 60-year commitment to the provision of financial assistance to the nation's citizens in need. Essentially, the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) handed responsibility over to the state governments, abolished Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) and set new requirements and time limits for welfare recipients.
According to Clinton and proponents of the new welfare law, the elimination of certain welfare programs and the creation of rigid requirements would provide an incentive for the poor to work, instead of relying upon the government's financial ..."
Discusses some of the potential consequences of the Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA). Focuses on possible friction in the areas of labor relations & workplace flexibility.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 5 sources, 1996, $ 23.95
From the Paper "The new regulations for employing people with disabilities will mean major changes in the workplace, and two areas that will be affected are labor relations and workplace flexibility. The regulations instruct as to how employers must accommodate disabled employees and prospective employees, and the regulations now offered on employing people with disabilities are being issued six months after the effective date of an earlier set of rules concerning how businesses must accommodate disabled members of the public. The Americans with Disabilities Act prohibits discrimination against people with mental or physical impairments. The employment rules apply to companies with 25 or more employees at the present time, and within two years to companies with 15 to 24 employees. Companies with fewer than ..."
Discusses the ramifications of deregulation the adoption market. Some pundits are endorsing the outright sale of children or, as they euphemize, the sale of parental rights.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, 1996, $ 31.95
From the Paper "The adoption market has been examined from a number of perspectives with an eye to reform and improvement and to provide a more socially beneficial structure to the placement of children. One issue that has been much discussed is baby-selling, which might also be designated as the "sale of parental rights," as Boudreaux (1995) prefers to call it. Richard Posner is one legal and economic theorist who has called for a change in the adoption rules to liberalize the process and make the process more in keeping with the demands of the marketplace, and others have taken up the same argument and called for a major shift in thinking regarding the way the adoption market is handled.
Posner (1992) examines the legal protection of children and the proper role of the state in relation to children. He begins..."
Social, legal & moral conflict over treatment of children charged with serious crimes. Examples, penalties, juvenile system, history, statistics, accountability.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 8 sources, 1996, $ 63.95
From the Paper "This paper is a discussion of the issue of trying children as adults. Recent reports issued by the Justice Department have shown an alarming rise in juvenile crime, while the headlines have spotlighted particularly heinous acts performed by very young children. From the kidnapping and brutal murder of 2-year-old James Bulger by two 10-year-old boys in Liverpool in 1993 to the beating of a month-old infant by a 6-year-old boy in Contra County, California, in 1996, violent acts committed by very young children have severely tested the ability of the criminal justice system to establish impartial guidelines for dealing with young criminals. Historically, juveniles have always presented a difficult problem for the courts, which must determine whether there exists an arbitrary age at which a child can be held responsible for his actions and whether age alone should be the..."
Examines history of civil rights in Constitutional context, major Court rulings (Slaughter House cases, Plessy vs. Ferguson, Brown vs. Board of Education).
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 9 sources, 1996, $ 63.95
From the Paper "The Constitution guarantees individual rights and liberties to every American. What most people probably do not know is that, while the Constitution is more than 200 years old, most individual civil rights date back only a little more than 50 years. Not until the 1950s did black Americans win the rights enjoyed by most all other citizens. Most of the individual rights and liberties guaranteed by the constitution are included in the Bill of Rights (first 10 amendments to the Constitution). The first 10 amendments were ratified in 1791. However, the Bill of Rights protected citizens against abuses by only the federal government. State governments could decide what limits they would place on free speech, trial by jury, or racial equality.
This began to change after the Civil War. In 1865, Congress drafted constitutional amendments that Southern states would have..."
From the Paper "In the book In Our defense, authors Ellen Alderman and Caroline Kennedy make reference to a number of major civil liberties cases as they illustrate the power and importance of the Bill of Rights. The government is prevented by the Constitution from engaging in a wide variety of behaviors which the Founding Fathers feared, based on their experience in Europe with an unfettered government. While majority rules, it is also true that the Constitution protects the rights of the minority against the onslaught of the majority. The bill of Rights involves a statement of such protections, as an examination of some of the cases cited will show.
The Progressive magazine case is an interesting one in which the magazine was going to print an article detailing the production of an atomic bomb, specifically an H-bomb. The..."
Describes the conflict between the Constitutional rights to a free press and a free trial. Discusses over-the-top press coverage of sensational cases and focuses on the conflict that sometimes arises when a reporter is required to testify.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, 1997, $ 47.95
From the Paper "Freedom of the Press is embodied in the First Amendment to the Constitution, and the courts give great importance to this doctrine when weighing competing rights. However, another vitally important right is the right to a fair trial, and more and more, courts are being asked to consider which of these rights takes precedence in different cases. The press frenzy around recent major cases such as that of O.J. Simpson, the Unabomber, and the Oklahoma City bombing raised questions in the public about the ethics of the press in covering these trials. This is not a new issue, and forty years ago the excessive coverage of the first Sam Sheppard murder trial led to a reversal of his conviction and public censure of the press. In determining when press freedoms might impinge on such other cherished freedoms as the right to a fair trial, courts examine press ..."
From the Paper "The Case Against Abortion
This paper will present the legal arguments against the constitutional right to an abortion in the United States. The paper will specifically argue that Roe v. Wade, was wrongly decided and that the U.S. Constitution does not guarantee a right to an abortion under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The first part of the paper will point out the lack of basis for the right under substantive due process analysis, while the second part will point out the factual problems in the opinion.
In January 1973, a majority of the U.S. Supreme Court held that a woman is guaranteed the right to obtain an abortion by the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process clause. Justice Blackmun, writing for the Court, said that this right was encompassed by the more general right.."
Pros & cons of allowing or preventing contact between adopted children & biological parents. Looks at legal aspects, ethics, value systems and the impact on children & parents.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 14 sources, 1997, $ 111.95
From the Paper "What rights under law should adopted children be given concerning obtaining information about their biological parents? This paper endeavors to formulate an answer to this question by examining the literature on open and closed adoption.
To this end, the paper first explores empirical research and conceptual arguments in favor of open adoption; this exploration is followed by an examination of research and arguments in favor of closed adoption. The final section of the paper analyzes both arguments and formulates a conclusion concerning open and closed adoptions in general as well as concerning the open adoption principle regarding whether adoptees should have the legal right to obtain information about their biological parents in particular."
From the Paper "Police have increasingly been called into the public educational setting to insure the safety of high school campuses. Many school districts have their own police departments, or "school police," who head security departments on campus. Their credibility as police officers helps to insure a safe environment in which learning can take place. Drugs, weapons, on-campus brawls, and traffic problems are less likely when students see that the full force of the law is at hand. Background information on school police in some communities will provide an introduction to what many believe is the best solution to crime in today's high schools. At the same time, however, issues of search/seizure, random drug testing, locker searches, and strip searching have been brought to the forefront by the advent of tightened security measures and an increase in crime. The..."
From the Paper "The Criminal Justice System
This paper will analyze the criminal justice system in America today. The discussion will focus on whether the existing criminal justice system fails to reduce crime. The paper will explore what author Jeffrey Reiman means when he states that "we can make more sense our of criminal justice policy by assuming certain acts as criminal and other harmful acts as noncriminal, and by diverting valuable resources away from social programs that could reduce crime." Moreover, the discussion will consider the role which the currently existing legal and criminal justice systems play in maintaining a socio-economic system with structural features that generate high levels of crime and juvenile delinquency. This paper will also describe some of the causes and sources of crime in contemporary U.S. society. Finally, the text.."
