Abstract This paper explains, compares and evaluates gun control in the United States, Netherlands, Great Britain, Switzerland and Japan. The author concludes that in the United States guns are so much a part of the culture that gun control alone is not enough. The United States must combine sensible gun laws with efforts to change the culture that values easy access to guns for gaining personal power.
From the Paper "The Second Amendment to the United States Constitution says,
?A well regulated militia, being necessary for the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.? The United States Constitution was completed in 1787, not long after the citizens of the newly-formed country had formed militias, taken up their personal arms, marched to war, and won a revolutionary war to create one of the most powerful and influential countries ever seen. It is hard to imagine our Constitution being written without that amendment, given the times in which it was written."
Tags: second, amendment, united, states, constitution, culture, national, rifle, association, nra, netherlands, great, britain, handguns, switzerland, japan
Abstract The paper shows that women's correctional facilities are a common feature in the American state and federal prison systems, but this was not always the case - in the early nineteenth century, women were imprisoned alongside the men in state facilities. The paper traces the history of the establishment of separate institutes as well as illustrates, with statistical data, the rise in female inmates. Finally, it looks at the future of these facilities and how they can be improved.
From the Paper "The number of women in prison has been increasing and is likely to continue to do so, especially so long as the drug trade attracts many women and so leaves them open to arrest. More women than men in prison are drug users, another reason for the large number of women imprisoned for drug offenses. There will be more pressure in the future for added protections for women in prison, such as providing for more women corrections officers to reduce sexual abuse. Better facilities for family visits and for keeping infant children with their mothers would also benefit the inmates, the children, and society at large."
Abstract The paper examines the advantages and disadvantages of the International Criminal Court (ICC) and its potential benefit to the United States, as well as to the remainder of the international community. The paper criticizes the Bush administration's opposition to the treaty, as it explains the faults of arguments raised by the ICC's opponents.
From the Paper "The prosecution of the most ruthless war criminals, it is widely agreed, is a worthy goal that all nations should pursue. A universal court, it seems, is based on the assumption that the prosecution of such abhorrent war criminals supercedes the value of national sovereignty, as all nations should be able to agree on crimes that are incompatible with the values of any civilization, nation-state, or any other tribal association. But during the years of the Cold War and the de-colonization processes reaching such a universally binding goal was not possible; with the end of the Cold War, the movement towards the creation of an international court began (Carter & Jackson 2002). While the crimes that the court should address are generally agreed on, other issues such as its effect on states? citizens throughout the globe turned out to be an obstacle that induced the United States, as well as a handful of other states, to oppose the jurisdiction of the court. While the US has legitimate concerns vis-?-vis the ICC, it is an imperative that American policymakers support the vision of a universal court and eventually act to ratify the American support."
Tags: criminal, foreign, international, justice, nations, policy, unilateralism, united, us, states, war, national, sovereignty, gloabal, universal
Abstract The paper shows that while the use of psychological interrogation methods is currently permissible by the courts in Canada, Great Britain and the U.S.A., many researchers argue that psychological interrogation is, in essence, no different than blatant coercion. Confession Law has slowly evolved over time alongside the evolution of interrogation methods. The paper discusses how prior to the 18th Century, English Common Law accepted confessions without any restrictions, which allowed confessions extracted through torture to be accepted as viable representations of objective truth. Today, the bottom line on the admissibility of confessions is that they are "typically excluded if elicited by physical violence, by a threat of harm or punishment, by a promise of leniency or immunity from prosecution, or by failure to notify a suspect of his or her constitutional rights to counsel and silence" (Kassin & McNall, 1991). The paper shows that despite these seemingly stringent laws regarding the admissibility of confessions, psychological interrogation methods are adept at circumventing the law, and continue to employ methods that run the risk of eliciting false confessions. This paper reviews the literature on Psychological Interrogation methods, false confessions and the implications of both.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Psychological Interrogation Tactics
Inside the Interrogation Room
Custodial Legal Advice & The Right to Silence
Psychological Interrogation Functioning as Coercion
Police Interrogations and Confessions
Communicating Promises and Threats by Pragmatic Implication
False Confessions
Occurrence of False Confessions
Creation of False Confessions
An Empirical Study On Recall
Discourse Study
Interrogative Suggestibility & Delinquent Boys
Psychological Characteristics of False Confessors
Consequences of False Confessions
From the Paper "Interrogation, as defined by the Merriam Webster Dictionary, is the act of "questioning; formally and systematically." Interrogations within criminal justice systems are used to gather information relevant to investigations, and more importantly, to elicit confessions from suspects. Methods of interrogation have changed drastically throughout history, but the ultimate goal of obtaining confessions has held constant. While the whips and chains of the past have now exited the western world's interrogation rooms, many scholars argue that today's suspects are still subjected to psychological tortures. Psychological Interrogation is the most recent approach used by law enforcement officials to extract information from suspects."
Tags: applied, brutality, deprivation, police, psychology, sleep, social
From the Paper "The purpose of this research is to examine voices of hope and despair articulated in Anna Deveare Smith's play Twilight: Los Angeles, 1992, which is made up of vignettes that were performed in Smith's one-woman show and that, more significantly, function as commentary on the consequences of the Los Angeles riot of 1992. The plan of the research will be to set forth the context in which Twilight was written and then to discuss how the selected monologues convey the emotional content of social, economic, and political realities--or perceptions thereof--of the contemporary Los Angeles experience.
When on a spring afternoon in 1992 the policemen who were filmed on videotape beating a black motorist, Rodney King, Los Angeles gradually became a city under seige. Smith's play title, Twilight, refers to the hours after the verdict, when events of.."
From the Paper "Introduction
Violence in the workplace has become more prominent in the national news in recent years. Whether disgruntled former employees who return to exact revenge on a company or unhappy domestic partners, there has been an upswing in the number of individuals who are taking their personal grievances public through violence on the job. The federal government offers few guidelines and even fewer regulations which might protect employees in the workplace; state gun control laws vary widely and often make it possible (and legal) for employees to carry weapons while on the job. Increasingly, companies are turning to their own policies and procedures regarding workplace safety in order to protect themselves and their employees. This research examines violence in the workplace, including the regulatory environment and.."
Abstract "In spite of a number of challenges, capital punishment has been affirmed by the Court and continues to be enforced. There is considerable public support for the death penalty, much of it related to a general trend toward demanding harsher penalties for criminals because of a fear of street crime and violence.
From the Paper "In spite of a number of challenges, capital punishment has been affirmed by the Court and continues to be enforced. There is considerable public support for the death penalty, much of it related to a general trend toward demanding harsher penalties for criminals because of a fear of street crime and violence. The death penalty is held out as a deterrent, and yet there is a relative balance in the evidence supporting and denying that effect. Though proponents and opponents of the death penalty may argue over such data as can be found on issues of this sort, a more basic question is simply whether capital punishment is the right sort of thing for an advanced society to use. If an automatic death penalty were instituted for all cases of first degree murder, this change would not be likely to have the effect that proponents of the death penalty might hope."
Examines the history and evolution of the black codes (from the Civil War to the 1990s) designed to keep African-Americans second-class citizens after the emancipation.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, 1999, $ 47.95
Abstract The Civil War ended slavery, but it did not give African-Americans equality. Southern whites, upon regaining power in the late 1870s and early 1880s, instituted black codes, also known as "Jim Crow" laws.
From the Paper "The Civil War ended slavery, but it did not give African-Americans equality. Southern whites, upon regaining power in the late 1870s and early 1880s, instituted black codes, also known as "Jim Crow" laws. Those statutes, coupled with racist terrorism and official indifference (if not hostility), relegated African-Americans to permanent second-class status for decades, until the U.S. Supreme Court began dismantling "Jim Crow" in the 1950s. This paper will analyze the impact and the legacy of Jim Crow laws, from their birth in the 19th century, their death in this century, and their lingering effect as the new millennium dawns.
After the Civil War, Congress passed (and the states ratified) three amendments to the U.S. Constitution: the thirteenth, which ended slavery; the fourteenth, which barred discrimination based on race; and the fifteenth, which ..."
A discussion of the effectiveness and failures, origins in the 20th Century, purposes, procedures, state laws, arrest and detention, determination of status, hearings, examples, commitment and confinement of the juvenile justice system.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 14 sources, 1999, $ 87.95
From the Paper "Juvenile Justice System
Introduction
This research paper summarizes the principal features of the juvenile justice system in the United States and comments on some major issues facing it. The juvenile justice system involves all the parties involved in dealing with the juvenile, parents and surrogate parents, schools, the police and prosecutors, probation departments, the courts, correctional institutions and a variety of community and social agencies which deal with the juvenile after he or she comes into contact with the law.
Origins and Broad Trends
Judge L. P. Edwards (1992) explained:
Established in the later nineteenth century, the juvenile court was for some a humanitarian institution intended to..."
Abstract Gun control is one of the most controversial topics in America, and this discussion is even spreading to other parts of the world (Goldring, 1999). This paper will attempt to summarize one part of this international debate; specifically, it will deal with the arguments against gun control
From the Paper "The Major Arguments Against Gun Control
Gun control is one of the most controversial topics in America, and this discussion is even spreading to other parts of the world (Goldring, 1999). This paper will attempt to summarize one part of this international debate; specifically, it will deal with the arguments against gun control. This will be accomplished by arguing the following premises in this order.
1. The right to bear arms is guaranteed by the Constitution.
2. There is little empirical evidence that gun control is an effective deterrent against crime.
3. There is much empirical evidence that suggests that owning a gun can be a valid and efficient method of self-defense."
Abstract In discussing the disadvantages of monopolies and antitrust versus anticapitalism, this paper examines the history of antitrust laws, the anatomy of a monopoly, how monopolies effect the economy, the politics of antitrust, the role and opinion of the Federal Trade Commission and the Microsoft case.
From the Paper "America was founded on the idea that everyone had an equal chance to achieve financial success. If a person had a dream, they could follow that dream and get their piece of the pie. Coming from a weighted and disproportionate system, America's founders wished to form a country in which everyone had a chance. In England, one was born into their station in life. The rich would always be rich and a poor person had no chance of rising from the ranks to become wealthy. Antitrust laws were originally designed to keep the playing field even and give everyone and equal chance at achieving the American Dream (Mueller, 1997b). Their purpose was to assure that the old bourgeoisie class system that existed in Europe did not become a reality in the New World. Therefore many states adopted antitrust laws to assure that capitalism thrived and no one became so rich and powerful that the old class system, that they so loathed, developed."
Tags: law, competition, america, economy, capitalist, microsoft, system
Abstract This paper gives a thorough definition of sexual harassment in general and specifically in the workplace. It provides suggestions that companies may undertake in order to prevent the phenomenon - this includes equal work opportunities, awareness workshops and suitable disciplinary action against an employee accused of sexual harassment. The paper describes the difference between physical and non-physical contact.
From the Paper "There is no universally accepted definition for sexual harassment. But in general, it is defined as any objectionable emphasis on the sex of an individual and is a type of discrimination. In the workplace, the characteristics that define this type of harassment can be found in the British Columbia Human Rights Code. There is however, many ways that sexual harassment can be avoided. If it does happen to occur, there are also different methods of dealing with the problem. Everyone in the workplace should be informed of what constitutes sexual harassment and what steps can be taken to eliminate it. "
Abstract This paper looks at how the amount of crime increases every day and how governments are working over time to fight this disaster and reduce it. It shows how some countries adopt capital punishment as one of the best ways of deterring crime and how others that have abolished capital punishment are trying to show the negligible effect of this kind of punishment. It examines how the United States of America, the only western country that uses death penalty suffers from a huge amount of offense from other countries. It evaluates how statistics have proved that there is no real positive effect with capital punishment and what makes capital punishment ineffective are errors in judgments such as lack of justice and natural mistakes.
From the Paper "In addition, the positive effects of death penalty on rate of crime are not proved. For many years it was thought that capital punishment is a deterrence of crime but later, when statistics became expanded, statisticians express that the idea that states with capital punishment have a lower crime rate is wrong. McManus (1998) expresses that states without the death penalty have fewer homicides than states those use death penalty. Massachusetts that has been abolished the death penalty, as an example, has the fewest crime rates in the United States of America (McManus, M., 1998). Similarly, Bonner and Fessenden (2000) illustrate that during the last twenty years, the rate of murder in states with capital punishment has been forty eight percent to more than one hundred percent higher than states with no capital punishment."
From the Paper "Case number one on the Supreme Court docket for the October Term, 1953, bore the simple and unassuming title of Brown et al. v. Board of Education of Topeka et al. This simply titled case would give rise to one of the most important judicial decisions of this century; racial segregation in the public schools was a violation of the constitution and therefore, unconstitutional. This case was a landmark victory for those seeking integration in the United States. This paper will discuss the Brown case and the Court's decision which was handed down on the afternoon of May 17, 1954.
Five separate legal suits were sent to the Supreme Court at approximately the same time and they all dealt with the same single basic issue --- school segregation. The cases were grouped together under the Brown Case. So it was by accident of(...)"
Discusses the 1966 Supreme Court decision on suspect's rights to counsel & silence. Examines background, significance, legal need for, provisions, exclusionary rule and effectiveness.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 7 sources, 1987, $ 63.95
From the Paper "Perhaps no other ruling of the Earl Warren Supreme Court era has fanned emotions to the degree of Miranda vs. Arizona. Decided on June 13, 1966, the court ruled in Miranda that a confession could not be used in court if the suspect, once in police custody, was not informed of his right to counsel and his right to remain silent.
In the years intervening between Miranda and today, the ruling has come under considerable fire. Most recently, Attorney General Edwin Meese has publicly stated that the Justice Department will seek to overturn Miranda at the earliest possible opportunity (Baker 134). The purpose of this research is to defend the positions taken by the Warren court in Miranda, and to indicate why the ruling should stand."
