This paper discusses the destruction of the Aztec Empire the advanced Mexican civilization, by the 16th Century Spanish invaders: Cortes, Spaniards' needs and aims, depopulation of Indians and Montezuma.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 5 sources, 1985, $ 87.95
From the Paper "The period of exploration of the New World was also a period of exploitation as European adventurers and armies encountered the native population and took advantage of that population, robbing the civilizations found here and decimating the population. The Aztecs had a mighty civilization in the New World that was destroyed by the Conquistadors in the name of greed and Christianity. The Aztecs were regarded as uncivilized heathens, and their lands were taken from them, their goods were stolen, and their leaders murdered.
Aztec civilization--and it was indeed a civilization--created its most extraordinary achievements in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. It received a sudden and painful defeat at the hands of the Spanish army in 1519-1521. Aztec civilization flourished in the Valley of Mexico, a tiny area in comparison with the total ... "
From the Paper "The most famous place in South America, for those well read in literature, may be a town that does not exist. This town, Macondo, is the creation of Gabriel Garcia Marquez and the center of action in his novel, One Hundred Years of Solitude. To say that Macondo never existed is tantamount to asserting the same for the Garden of Eden - one may have opinions, but there always remains some trace of doubt. Macondo breathes of mystery and wonder that gives the novel a Biblical, for lack of a better word, feeling that most readers will sense. So much fantasy and surrealism abound that the world Garcia Marquez presents seems as foreign as the ancient Holy Land. For most Western readers, Macondo could seem even more foreign. Does this say something about the West's indifference to learning about other cultures, or is Macondo so far-fetched that the connection is..."
From the Paper "European immigrants continued to come to Latin America in the national period for a number of reasons, many economic. Immigration was important to Latin America for many reasons, and the issue is examined by Morner in both quantitative and qualitative terms. He says that quantity is easier to examine than quality. By 1940, no less than 30 percent of the population of Argentina was born abroad, while by contrast, the percentage in the Untied Stats has never been higher than the 1910 figure of 14.7 percent. Most of these immigrants were of productive age, which also means that they would have more children. The Argentine population did indeed grow rapidly, increasing from 800,000 in 1841 to 14 million in 1940. Mass immigration in Brazil affected only one part of its immense territory so that the foreign-born reached only 19 percent."
This paper discusses the United States' foreign drug policy in Peru, Bolivia and Colombia, and the responses of those nations to that policy: Goals, implementation, economic and military issues, guerilla actions and corruption.
2,925 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 10 sources, 1991, $ 103.95
From the Paper "This paper will be concerned with the United States' foreign drug policy in Peru, Bolivia and Colombia, as well as with the responses of those nations to that policy. The United States' current foreign drug policy is built out of the realization that the majority of drugs consumed domestically are produced in other nations. Cocaine is one of the most threatening drugs on America's domestic scene at this time. Peru is the world's leading grower of the coca leaf, with Bolivia running a close second. The bulk of this crop is shipped to Colombia, where it is manufactured into finished cocaine for North American and other foreign markets. The government of the United States realizes that it must take steps to stop this flow of cocaine through these Latin American countries if it is to also stop the current drug crisis which faces its own people."
From the Paper "Child Abuse Patterns in Black and Hispanic Families
A society's attitude toward children is part of a whole texture of values that may vary greatly from one culture to another, even among neighboring peoples. American cultural attitudes toward children are very complex. They derive from a mix of cultures; American black, Hispanic, Latin, Caribbean, Puerto Rican, European; from dominant American attitudes toward youth and vitality; from a European tradition that has over the last several hundred years gradually increased the dependency of youth.
Although politicians, social workers, the media, even congressional committees are railing at parental abuse of children, in fact it is our institutions-our schools, our legal ..."
From the Paper "The purpose of this research is to discuss the role that religion played in the conquest of the Aztecs. Although Spanish imperialism justified its acts by claiming a Christian mission, and thereby destroying a pagan nation, this paper will also show that the church did not always adapt to imperial ends.
In the year 1519, according to Aztec lore, the Toltec god-king Quetzalcoatl might return to reclaim the realm from which he had been driven centuries before by the forces of evil. Oddly enough, in that same year, Hernando Cortes and his conquistadors appeared on the shores of Mexico. In the ensuing crisis, the unfortunate Montezuma was no match for the Spaniards, which suggested a decline in the quality of Aztec leadership.. The king's efforts to bribe or cajole the Spaniards into leaving were futile, and many Indians believed their gods had forsaken them."
An examination of the evolution in the 20th century including the role of the 1910 Revolution, politics, leadership, reform, unions, strikes, government opposition and the impact of NAFTA.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 10 sources, 1994, $ 63.95
From the Paper "The Mexican labor movement began 10 year before the Mexican Revolution of 1910. The Constitution of 1917 embodied the aims of the Revolution by revising land ownership, by drafting a labor code, and by curtailing the power of the Roman Catholic Church..
In its effort to modernize the country, the Diaz regime--the government in power before the Revolution--embarked on a radically new agrarian policy. Joining ranks with local hacendados, it launched a campaign of large-scale expropriation of village lands and political subordination.. The regions most affected by this new policy were central and southern Mexico, first, because increased market production and new railroads had caused land values there to increase, and second, because most free villages were concentrated there. Initially, the campaign proved successful to the government, for..."
From the Paper "The decision about whether to tighten or loosen restrictions on immigration should be based on economics. The key issue is the extent of immigrant contribution to the economy. In the past, U.S. policy on immigration has often been inconsistent and contradictory. Whereas, many Americans recognize the benefits of immigration, an increasing number do not. Consequently, immigration has been blamed for many of this country's ills ranging from the increased burden on social services to decreased employment opportunities for native-born Americans. As one social scientist puts it, "The conflicting views and attitudes about immigration explain America's inability to devise and execute a coherent immigration policy" (Reimers, 1985, p. 252). It is time for the United States to set forth clear policies regarding this hotly debated issue."
Abstract This paper traces the conquest on Mexico and the Aztec civilization by Hernando Cortez and his men in 1519 against the backdrop of the forces which influenced the Europeans to seek such a mission. The paper shows that the Europeans struggled with their ambivalence towards the two Americas and towards the native people whom they viewed as heathens and whose complexed cultures they were unable to understand. The paper explains that Cortez knew he was on a mission, not just for wealth, but to preserve the hegemony, both psychological and literal, of Europe. The paper examines the Aztec civilization and follows the course of the conquest until the Aztec surrended to Cortez's troops in 1521.
From the Paper "The Aztec culture was well developed; they had developed an agricultural system that fed a large population; had developed math that helped provide them with an accurate calendar; had built a system of water canals for crop irrigation; mined for gold, silver, tin and copper; and had created weapons such as clubs lined with volcanic glass called obsidian. These clubs could decapitate an animal with a single blow. They had developed cooking and eating utensils, and a system of trade and barter. They also had schools; they held slaves, and they practiced human sacrifice in religious ceremonies."
Tags: Malinche, King, Charles, I, Quetzalcoatl, Montezuma
Abstract Discusses the suffering Ribobuta Menchu endured as part of an exploited and abused people in Guatemala. Her overcoming poverty and powerlessness and becoming a social and political activist to fight oppression in her native land. Indian culture. Peasant women in Latin America who refused to be passive and fought against oppression and injustice.
From the Paper "Rigoberta Menchu, in I, Rigoberta Menchu: An Indian Woman in Guatemala, tells the story of her life in poverty and powerlessness and her gradual awakening to the necessity of social and political activism to fight the oppressive forces in her native land. The story of the evolution of her leadership ability, motivation and beliefs is told through the medium of interviews conducted by anthropologist Elisabeth Burgos-Debray. Burgos-Debray argues that the book tells the life of not only one twenty-three-year-old woman, but also the society and culture of which her life is an integral part:
Her life story is an account of contemporary history rather than of Guatemala itself. It is in that sense that it is exemplary: she speaks for all the Indians of the American continent (Burgos-Debray xi)."
Abstract Examines how several writers portray the role of the poor, indigenous peasantry in the postcolonial Latin American era. Contends that although the poor were more free, they still had little economic or sociopolitical opportunities. Challenges of polstcolonial period. Popular revolts. Role of the elite & liberal leaders and their desire to keep power.
From the Paper "This study will examine how five writers portray the role of the poor indigenous peasantry in the changing sociopolitical structure of Latin American nations in the postcolonial era. In general, the authors agree that while the indigenous peasantry did see some betterment of their sociopolitical positions, whatever improvement or reform came was far from what they might have hoped would come with liberation from colonial power. For the most part, the poor were more free, but with little opportunity economically or sociopolitically to take advantage if that freedom. This concern of each of the authors will be the central focus of this study: the changes in the economic and sociopolitical situations of the poor indigenous peasantry, and the nature of their integration as colonialism fell away as the dominant force holding society together and defining the..."
Abstract Discusses hopes for racial equality as Cuba fought against Spanish Colonial rule, & the impact of the Cuban Revolution. Importance of race in Cuban liberation. Cuban people's struggle for freedom. State of racial equality before and after Castro took over. Role of the U.S. in the independence movement of the Cuban people.
From the Paper "Taken together, Ada Ferrer's Insurgent Cuba: Race, Nation, and Revolution, 1868-1898, and Alejandro de la Fuente's "Race and Equality in Cuba, 1899-1981," provide a complete picture of one issue essential to Cuban history. Ferrer explores the hopes of nationalists for racial equality as they fought against Spanish colonial rule, while de la Fuente shows how those hopes were only partly realized after independence. As with most political and social movements based on idealism to a certain degree, the Cuban revolution did alter the sociopolitical landscape, but not nearly as significantly as they would have hoped.
Ferrer's book is rooted in the historical archives of Cuba, the United States, and Spain. It gives a full portrait of the importance of race in the movement for Cuban liberation under Spain in the last three decades of the nineteenth century..."
Abstract Discussion of the dictator's rule in Panama. His narco-militaristic regime. His violation of the American-Panamanian Canal treaties. Noriega's early life and career. His role as a U.S. government double agent, and in Nicaragua. The 1989 U.S. invasion of Panama. Capture of Noriega. His U.S. trial for criminal drug operations.
From the Paper "MANUEL NORIEGA'S RULE IN PANAMA
INTRODUCTION:
Noriega was a corrupt dictator heading an efficient narco-militaristic regime in Panama. He was involved in drug trafficking, arms smuggling, money laundering, and the ruthless oppression of his people. He also systematically violated the American.Panamanian Canal treaties and harassed U.S. forces and institutions in Panama. (Sosa, 16)
The 1989 U.S. invasion of Panama was the first American use of force since 1945 that was unrelated to the cold war. It was also the first large scale use of American troops abroad since Vietnam and the most violent event in Panamanian history. It ended with the unusual capture of Manuel Antonio Noriega, Panama's head of state, who was then brought to the United States and tried for ..."
Abstract Until recently, national governments of most countries have long been the sole owners and operators of their domestic and international airports. At present, a growing number of countries have been exploring ways to more extensively involve the private sector as a means to provide capital for development and improve the efficiency of all airport operations. This paper outlines the reasons why privatization is taking hold, how it may be financed, who is taking part in this strategy, who benefits from privatization and the time frame for privatization projects.
The paper makes use of tables.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Airport Terminal Operations - Past and Present
Problems
Business Foundation and Mission for Growth Expectations
Focus of Privatization
Marketing Edge
Benefits
Limitations
Where Privatization is Taking Hold
Facilitators of Change
Streamlining the Process of Changeover
Financial Objectives
Paying for the Metamorphosis
Raising Capital
Market Promotion and Acceptance
Target Market - Concessionaires
The Benefactors - Good Business Breeds More Business
Airlines and Other Service Providers
Labor and Workforce Efficiency
Conclusion
From the Paper "The costs involved with basic ATO are relatively fixed. In government operated airports, there is generally no correlation to the potential amount of retail sales revenues, travel volume and pedestrian traffic.
Besides federal grants, other major sources of funding for airport development are passenger facility charges, bonds, and airport revenue. With FAA approval, airports can collect up to three dollars in facility fees from each traveler. In the United States, the FAA administers federal grants that are made available from the Airport and Airway Trust Fund to help support capital development projects that enhance airport capacity, safety, security, and noise mitigation. Most grants are allocated on the basis of a legislated apportionment formula and set-aside categories earmarked for specific types of airports or projects. Also, the FAA also has the discretionary authority to allocate the remaining funds on the basis of needs identified by airports. With FAA approval, airports can charge facility fees from passengers as well.
Financial analysis, retail planning and economic impact studies all help to combine philosophies on what approach to take when finding the money and resources to make the plan a reality."
Abstract This paper provides an historical review of political leaders in Latin America and examines how many of them were leaders of the authoritarian school. It begins with a brief look at the Spanish conquistadores who carved out the great Spanish Empire in the Americas. It then discusses the political leaders of the 19th century: Sim"n Bol"var, Jos? de San Mart?n, and Francisco de Miranda ?
all soldiers first and "liberators" of their countries later. The paper then focuses on the 20th century the leaders of the this period.
From the Paper "Argentina-born San Mart"n served with Spanish armies in both Europe and Africa, returned to join the Argentine independence movement of 1812. Later, with General Bernardo O"Higgins, he ended Spanish rule in Chile. O?Higgins became "Liberator" of Chile, San Mart?n soon became "Protector" of Peru. The Venezuelan-born Miranda, who served the French in the American Revolution and later commanded French Revolutionary armies in the Netherlands, was briefly dictator of Venezuela."
Tags: spanish, conquistadores, boliver, miranda, martin
