Abstract This is a summary of the article "Expecting dirt but saying dart: The creation of a blend memory." In order to study expectancy strategies in word recognition and reading text, another form of evidence other than predictability would be helpful. This study therefore emphasizes the use of postpriming measures.
Abstract This paper discusses how language teachers are discovering, too, that incorporating word games and puzzles into their second-language instruction helps the student absorb the necessary information in a manner that is both fun and challenging.
Abstract The paper examines how X Realized the importance of acquiring personal and political power through language. By learning words, and acquiring the ability to write, X gained the capacity to express himself on paper in the same way he did through verbal speech.
Abstract This paper will cover the history and evolution of the Chinese character. In showing the way that the symbols evolved in the Chinese language, we can see why they changed in retrospect. By understanding this, the ideals for a foundation of critique can be revealed, in the metamorphic nature of language in the history of China.
Abstract This paper will demonstrate that the current dominant paradigm considers Japanese to be genetically linked to the family of Altaic languages, which includes Korean, Mongolian and Turkic. Although other linguists contend that Japanese may best be considered a hybrid language - containing strata of several linguistic elements - the Altaic connection appears to be the most well-defined at present. Through a discussion of the complexities involved in the question of the origins of Japanese, it will be argued that the strength of this genetic association is such that it seems the inevitable future revisions of this paradigm will - instead of rejecting the thesis altogether - probably only move the connection between the oldest ancestor of Japanese and Proto-Altaic further back into the past to a common source older than Proto-Altaic.
Abstract This paper looks at the role of English within the education system as either a primary or secondary language and also looks at systems to perfect dual language abilities.
Abstract This six-page undergraduate paper demonstrates that language has the power to shape us. Both the person's and the group's social status is determined by language. It is through language that society is structured, and therefore language must be changed and renewed.
This essay is a discussion of the main issues of language planning. The discussion is illustrated with two examples of recent language planning attempts.
Abstract This essay provides an outline of what language planning involves - a deliberate attempt to modify and change the linguistic behavior of a society. It looks at the reasons behind it and the organizations and groups involved in it. It then proceeds to illustrate the discussion using cases from Finland and Norway.
From the Paper "The reasons behind language planning are complex and plentiful, ranging from large-scale modifications to more modest issues. It can be used to provide solutions to complex social problems, to develop national and official languages, and to standardise particular dialects. Language planners can make linguistic modifications so that subgroups of a particular population speaking different varieties of that language are united as a nation. As technology advances, language can be modified in order to address these developments. The reformation of spelling systems, lexical modernisation, and stylistic simplification are examples of language planning. More modest decisions such as which languages are to be used on signposts or which are to be used for educational purposes also involve deliberate modification. However, linguists and others involved in language planning are not always faced with the task of changing a language. There are circumstances in which the revival or preservation of a language involves deliberate attempts to prevent changes from occurring."
Abstract This paper explores the notion of identity through various viewpoints in contemporary modernity. This paper explores the way language, power and culture shapes the concept of the I by examining Foucaldian concepts, lingual construction and cultural studies.
From the Paper "With the impending future of global culture, the way in which the concept of the ?I? is constructed through an inter-connective culture becomes more obvious, since it affects the process through which the world consistently enriches itself through individual interaction with contemporary society. The concept of ?I? as an identity, fuelled by a wide range of philosophical, lingual and cultural discourses, can be seen as an interactive system inseparable with subjectivity, or, as Giddens proposes, a narrative which is able to build up a consistency of biographical continuity (1991; 75). In these terms is possible to view identity as a personal collective project, influenced by the light of circumstance, self-reflexivity and interaction. These elements, inherently produced through the social facets of power, language and culture, form the basis to the perception of "me" as both socially as well as privately constructed. To comprehend this nature of identity as a construction of these facets, then, it is crucial to analyze the way in which power, language and culture interact and serve as the sociological truism in which the ?I? is understood, through social roles, discourses and disciplines exploring the perception of the self as a cultural product."
Abstract This paper asks how the brain processes language, space, and faces; and how do the structures of the brain faculties that handle these processes compare and contrast.
From the Paper "Language is handled by a very intricate and involved system that takes up a large portion of the brain's resources. Incoming language is fed through a linear processing pathway of three parts. First, it enters the sound processor. Linguistic qualities of the sounds are identified such as voicing, velar pronunciation, and accents. The resulting output is then given to the string-maker. This function eliminates uninterpretable sounds and constructs understandable words and phrases out of the "annotated" sounds. Lastly, the interpretation function completes the final understanding of the language spoken. This process of sequential functions achieves the final interpretation."
Abstract This paper claims that information technology (IT) and its present language of preference, English, is having a profound effect upon global societies through its influence on native languages and, hence, on native cultures. This paper addresses those and other issues regarding Internet, language, and globalization.
From the Paper "As to the impact Western-spawned technology in general is having on cultures overseas, author Thomas L. McPhail (Global Communication: Theories, Stakeholders, and Trends) suggests that there is a kind of "electronic colonialism" (EC) now sinking its fangs into lesser developed countries (LDCs). This EC reflects the dependency LDCs have on the West, which is caused by "the importation of communication hardware and foreign-produced software, along with engineers, technicians, and related information protocols" (pp. 14-15) into LDCs. These hardware and software technologies ("from comic books to satellites, computers to fax machines, CDs to the Internet") establish a set of foreign norms, values, and expectations that, to varying degrees,? McPhail asserts, ?alter domestic cultures, habits, values and the socialization process itself.?
Abstract This paper explains that TESOL differs from English instruction for native speakers in that its primary foci are on language and cultural practices in English-speaking countries, as opposed to English literature.The author points out that of the many alternative methods now in use, most have common basic elements: The learning of phrases and sentences instead of single words, the infrequent use of the native tongue, and the emphasis on the spoken language, but all still rely on memory as the key to mastery and include a variety of tools to aid memory, including video and audio tapes, drills and exercises. The author recommends that the instructor yo-yo back and forth from the right brain of Total Physical Response Approach (TPR) to the left-brain of ALM; anything new is first internalized through the body with TPR, then switch to the other side of the brain for verbal exercises of speaking, reading, and writing.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Various Approaches in TESOL
The Communicative Approach
The Natural Approach
The Task-Based Approach
The Audio Lingual Approach
The Silent Way Approach
The Counseling-Learning Approach
The Accelerated Learning Approach
The Total Physical Response Approach (TPR)
Conclusion
From the Paper "The natural approach is based on a number of hypotheses about learning procedures and conditions for learning. Most of the hypotheses are based on one of the most influential models of Second Language Acquisition, called the Monitor Model, developed by the American Linguist, Stephen Krasher. The Monitor Model is closely linked to the distinction between learning and acquisition. The adult learner has two ways of attaining the ability to perform in English: tacit (or subconscious) acquisition and conscious learning. The monitor hypothesis states that in English performance, the subconscious knowledge of English attained through acquisition initiates an utterance plan, whereas the monitor checks and corrects the language output. The Monitor is explicit; it is the learned knowledge of rules of the language (Rosebery et al. 1992)."
Abstract This paper examines how the United States is a nation of multi-cultural diversity and how, today, educational institutions are faced with a difficult problem of improving their standards and adapting their curricula to cater to the learning requirements of students from a variety of cultural origins. It looks at how some of the institutions have tried to overcome this problem by having multiple standards for the native English-speaking and the LEP (Least English Proficiency). It analyzes how this approach has seriously handicapped the LEP students by lowering their standards and attempts to propose a remedial solution.
Outline
Introduction
Coupling Language Skills and Knowledge Acquisition
Cross Disciplinary Approach
Interactive Study
Work Groups
Conclusion
From the Paper "Teaching is taken to a new dimension when teachers follow a cross- disciplinary approach. This is especially so in a multicultural class environment wherein students from different cultural and linguistic backgrounds are involved. In a cross disciplinary approach, as and when the students encounter a new term (culturally) the teacher takes time to delve in depth about that particular aspect. This may consume considerable time and effort but it is always rewarded with a better understanding on the part of the student. Furthermore research also indicates that teachers with multilingual abilities help the LEP students to understand and assimilate the subject content better by providing them with translations in their own languages as and when required."
Tags: lep, culture, proficiency, english, language
