The purpose of this paper is to introduce and discuss the importance of LakeErie to the industrial and commercial markets of Northern Ohio, the state of Ohio and the entire United States.
Abstract The importance of the lake for the State of Ohio's industrial sector is paramount according to the writer. The paper explores this importance for the shipping sector and the impact on the steel industry in Ohio. It also shows that the lake is a tourist attraction which generates spending as well as being used as a recreational area for the local population.
From the Paper "Lake Erie supports all types of business and industry via her shipping routes, and her natural resources. The lake contains large amounts of sand and gravel, which construction companies use for a variety of products. The building industry uses them for cement, paving, laying stone and brick, and in many other areas. Much of this sand and gravel comes from yearly dredging which is necessary to keep the ports in Ohio open."
This paper is an assessment of the success of the restoration initiatives which were previously and are currently adopted as a part of the lake's management program.
Abstract This paper covers many of the aspects which have had an impact on the recovery of LakeErie. This assessment includes both previous and current initiatives and the paper 's attempts to relate these initiatives to the lake's overall recovery success.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
U.S.-Canada Air Quality Agreement
The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement
LakeErie's Success
Conclusion
From the Paper "In the past Lake Erie has been the site of numerous research studies, mainly attributed to its high pollution, and more recently on the restoration of the lake. Lake Erie receives its water from the Detroit River, which is known for its heavy water and then releases the water into the Niagara River (Al-Aasm et al, 1998). Lake Erie is by far the most polluted of the Great Lakes. This can be attributed to a century of abuse, exploitation, and to a lesser degree the physical features of the lake."
Abstract This paper discusses the various geological processes that form the features and natural resources of the Great Lakes and provides a summary of the geologic history of the area. The Great Lakes are a chain of inland lakes, including Lake Ontario, LakeErie, Lake Huron, Lake Michigan and Lake Superior which stretch from New York to Minnesota.
Spanning a surface area of 95,000 square miles, the five lakes represent the greatest stretch of fresh water on the planet.
Outline
Introduction
Geological Processes and Characteristics
Brief Geological History
Geology of the Great Lakes Conclusion
From the Paper "Observation of existing ice sheets and glaciers indicate that they invariably flow downhill from elevated regions (Cox, 1999). Still, the postulated, hypothetical flow of the ice of the glacial theory was uphill out of basins and depressions like the basin of Lake Ontario. The ice is assumed to have flowed uphill out of Lake Ontario, over the steep cliffs of the Niagara Escarpment, and flowed uphill towards the area of northwestern New York. There are many geologic characteristics of the Great Lakes, including bedrock. The geologic setting of the Great Lakes basins began billions of years ago, with the formation of bedrock. The foundation for the present Great Lakes basin began about three billion years ago, during the Precambrian Era. Most bedrock is made up of sedimentary rock of Paleozoic age (which can be up to 600 million years old). However, the rock around Lake Superior, the deepest of the Great Lakes, is much older igneous and metamorphic rock, Pre-Cambrian in age (up to two billion years old)."
Abstract The paper looks at environmental studies and focuses on lake hydrology. The writer collected data on water levels in Lake Ontario and LakeErie. Then the writer determined, using statistical analysis, if Lake Ontario has been affected by the dam built in 1957. The paper argues that it was affected.
From the Paper "Lakes and other bodies of water are very dynamic systems that are often changing in small ways on a continuous basis. To prove this point, data on water levels in Lake Ontario from 1918 to 2005 was examined. The statistical analysis of this data and similar data from Lake Erie suggest that the dam that was built in the St. Lawrence in 1957 is regulating flow rates into Lake Ontario. This has resulted in relatively consistent water levels."
Abstract This paper explains that Crater Lake, Oregon, which is the deepest lake in the United States, was formed, some 7,000 years ago, as the cavity from the collapse of a volcano filled with water. The author points out that the lake is renewed from rain and snow runoff each year. The paper notes the different organisms living in the lake and the depths at which they are found.
From the Paper "Crater Lake, Oregon offers a number of interesting geological and biological features that exist because of the way the region was formed and the history since. Much of the biology of the region remains uncertain, for studies have only been undertaken in depth in the last 20 years. This fact makes the region especially interesting as new knowledge is gleaned about such lake systems and their interaction with the surrounding area. Crater Lake was formed from the eruption of Mount Mazama, leaving the crater that would fill with water and become Crater Lake. Once the volcano had erupted, it left a 4,000 foot deep caldera and a myriad of other geologic formations ("Crater Lake: History" para. 6). A U.S. Geological Survey party examined the area in 1959 and made sonar readings establishing the depth of the lake at its deepest point as 1,932 feet."
Abstract This paper analyzes E.B. White's 1941 essay ?Once More to the Lake?. It describes how White's essay is an excellent expression of a moment of realization that every individual will experience. The paper provides a biographical background to the essay, as White's account of a trip to the lake he visited as a child and on this occasion White returns to the lake with his son. The paper states that the readers are allowed to sense the feelings for themselves, making the story universally relevant.
From the Paper "E.B. White's 1941 essay "Once More to the Lake" is White's account of a trip to the lake he visited as a child. On this occasion White returns to the lake with his son. The essay is a simple account of an important moment in his life, where he realizes that his son is growing and this means that he himself is dying. It is the point in his life where he realizes that time and change are constant and inescapable. The realization is heartfelt and yet expressed only mildly. The effectiveness of the essay lies in the fact that the point is not made directly, but left for the reader to sense."
Tags: life, lifecycle, death, child, change, maine, lake, son, father, pond, fish
Abstract During the Ice Age, a great deal of the northern part of North America was engulfed in glaciers. As the climate warmed, these great ice caps advanced and receded many times, creating a complex and diverse geography in what is now the Great Lakes region. This paper discusses the various geological processes that formed the features and natural resources of the Great Lakes, as well as provides a summary of the geologic history of the area.
From the Paper "Fast-flowing rivers, glacial ice, and the pounding of waves against the shore occurred over the next 300 million years, wearing down most of the mountains. There was no vegetation protection to slow down these geological processes. As a result, the mountains disintegrated.
The eroded rock debris built up as thick layers of sand, gravel, silt and clay eventually transformed into sedimentary rock. Thus, volcanic activity was the major geological process in the Great Lakes area. Gradually the sand grains cemented together forming sandstone, which can be found in all the lakes."
Tags: Precambrian, Era, Lake, Ontario, Pleistocene, Epoch
Abstract This paper is a book review of "Remember Kirkland Lake". This is a basically perfect book, but MacDowell should have structured it differently. As it is, she makes it difficult to believe her thesis.
An examination of the relationship between global warming, its hydrological consequence,s and the ecological dynamics and distribution of Sweetwater fish in the Great Lakes of America.
Abstract This paper examines how the equilibrium in a lake as an ecological ecosystem is directly dependant on the regional hydrological cycle and how, since that cycle is dependant on climate patterns, it is assumed that global warming will have an immediate effect on the lake's physical conditions and, thus, its inhabitants. It explores the Great Lakes system in the eastern United States, which includes thermal niches suitable for the three guilds. In order to get the most accurate prediction, this paper includes parameters, such as depths, water volumes, thermocline depth, and the Great Lakes water chemistry. The main conclusions show that there are three levels of direct effect: 1) thermal niche size changes; 2) changes in growth rate and food consumption; and 3) changes in reproductive success and population size.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Research Area
Data Collection
Fish and Thermal Niches
Results
Food Consumption and Growth Rate Changes
Population Response
Ecosystem Response
Impacts of Changes in the Hydrological System on the Habitat
Global Warming Impact on Thermal Niches
Conclusion
From the Paper "Smallmouth bass communities thrive today in warm niches and are unlikely to be affected in the future global warming conditions. A positive response is predicted for the cool water niche, where a 9-fold increase in yearlings population and a 23-fold increase in the fishable populations are expected. This is in fact a mediocre response, intermediate to influence on cold and warm water niches.
The extended reproductive success and the increase in mature individual numbers are logical, since the growth season is expected to be longer and the winter, when the "winter kill" phenomena (Jackson, 2002) takes place, to be shorter."
Abstract This paper explains that the Great Lakes Basin offers an abundance of ecological points to support ecotourism; moreover, if ecotourism becomes an important economic and social factor, it will have a positive affect on some of the ecological concerns of the region. The author points out that the tourism industry in the Great Lakes Basin is stagnated and the most appealing method to this revitalizing program is ecotourism, which would bring tourism to the area to generate both income to continue conservation efforts and interest in conserving the Great Lakes Basin's ecosystem and historic sites. The paper states that the first thrust of developing an ecotourism program is to survey Canadians and visitors to determine their interest in eco-travel and to evaluate potential financial benefits and to create an agency to manage ecotourism efforts in the Great Lakes Basin. Tables, charts, maps and illustrations.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Sustainability, Community Interest, Marketing and Mapping
Exotic Biologicals of Interest to Tourism and Ecotourism
Tourism Policies: Legal Issues Affecting Tourism Development in the Area
Tourism Statistics
Canoeing, Kayaking and Sailing
Power Boating
Recreational Fishing
Swimming
Most Popular Sports
Recommendations for Short, Medium and Long Terms
Ontario Tourism Forecast
Short-Term Recommendation
Medium- Term Recommendation
Long- Term Recommendation
Assorted Maps Useful for Planning Ecotourism
From the Paper "In addition to the scientific ecotourism potential in this species migration (and the list above is a very small part of it), there is the land-based cultural aspect, particularly sustainable if exploited because "the history of exploration, colonization, settlement, and commercial development of the Great Lakes by European settlers spans almost four centuries. Throughout this period, non-indigenous aquatic animal and plant species have been introduced both intentionally and accidentally." Here, cultural history also enters the picture because, for medicinal purposes, early settlers imported non-native plants, such as bittersweet nightshade (Solanum dulcamara) as well as importing favored edibles, such as watercress (Rorippa nasturtium aquaticum), which thrived in the new environment, pushing out older native species."
Abstract The paper examines the environmental issues in Lake Simcoe, one of the popular summer resort areas in southern Ontario. The paper discusses the effects of urbanization, recreation and water pollution on the lake and its marine life. The paper also shows how air pollution affects the lake, directly and indirectly. The paper calls for each one of us to do our part in the conservation effort.
Outline:
Introduction
Urban sprawl
Lake Simcoe and Recreation
Impact on Marine Life
Air Pollution on the Watershed
Conclusion
From the Paper "Lake Simcoe is one of the popular summer resort areas in southern Ontario [1]. This body of water is located between the Georgian Bay and Lake Ontario and is often used for recreational boating and fishing [2]. The Lake Simcoe watershed and the Nattawassaga watershed are the two major sources feeding Lake Simcoe and cover 744 square kilometres surrounding most of the lake and is currently a hot spot for environmental action. Not only does the general population around the lake depend on it as their drinking water, but the lake itself is responsible for generating more than $200,000,000 per year in recreational revenue [4]. So it is disturbing to know that urbanization is leading to the pollution of the lake in terms of increasing levels of sewage, air pollution, and phosphorous among others [5]."
This paper discusses Lake Baikal, located in Siberia near the Mongolian border, which offers an excellent example of one of the largest and oldest fresh water ecosystems that sustains a wide variety of flora and fauna, including innumerable endemic specie
Abstract This paper explains that, for millennia, Lake Baikal's ecosystem has flourished in total isolation, untouched by the human population. Unfortunately, today, this precious Siberian ecozone is feeling the negative effects of human abuse. The author points out that the Baikalsk Pulp and Paper Mill (BPPM), one of the region's oldest functioning industries (around 40 years), is the major polluting source because it exploits an old and highly dangerous method of bleaching pulp by using chlorine. The paper relates that, over the last decade, world environmentalists have helped improve the situation and limited the damage to the delicate ecosystem, but a coordinated effort from the Russian and Mongolian governments is indispensable for tackling this environmental crisis.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Lake Baikal
Importance of Lake Baikal
Environmental Effects (Air and Water Pollution)
The BPPM
Mineral Mining Plants
Conservation Projects
Baikal Watch and Baikal Environmental Wave
Conclusion
From the Paper "The biological importance of Lake Baikal is evident from the UNESCO declaration of Lake Baikal as a world heritage site and "the most outstanding example of a freshwater ecosystem". The range of climatic conditions within the surrounding areas of the lake has contributed to a rich variety of plant life in the region. While the Coniferous forests occupy the western regions, pine forests are common in the eastern areas and deciduous forests predominate the northern region. The fauna found in the lake is amongst the most diverse in the world with more than 255 amphipod species and 80 types of flatworms. The epishura, a tiny crustacean is the natural cleaning mechanism for the lake as it consumes all the decaying matter in the water. The most important and the only mammal species in the lake is the endemic Baikal seal (Phoca sibirica)."
Abstract This paper explains that, in lakes that have suffered years of external loading, high levels of bound phosphorus are released from pools into the surrounding water column. Phosphorus in pools is bound in many forms including redox-sensitive iron compounds and loosely bound organic compounds. The paper describes the microbial action, chemical reactions and physical disturbance to the sediment layer, which contribute to the release of phosphorous into the water column. The paper also reviews several management techniques, such as removing heavily contaminated sediment from the lake floor and precipitation by the addition of iron or alum, which help speed the recovery process of the lake.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Phosphorus forms in Sediment
Phosphorus Release Mechanisms
Chemical Release Mechanisms
Physical Release Mechanisms
Biological Release Mechanisms
Management and Restoration Techniques
Source Reduction Strategies
Physical Reduction of Phosphorus Availability
Chemical Removal
Analysis and Summary of Findings
Analyzing the Unknowns
Conclusions/Recommendations
From the Paper "The first is the use of physical means such as dredging and flushing to remove sediments containing high concentrations of phosphorus. Another method is the use of agents such as Aluminum Sulfate or gypsum to bind phosphorus in the water system. Yet, other methods have focused on long term reduction of external loading as the ultimate solution to the problem. The success or failure of these methods depends on the source and fractionation profile of the lake.
It was once thought that reducing external loading of the lake would rapidly decrease phosphorus levels in lakes."
This paper discusses the essay "Once More to the Lake," by E.B. White and the usage of three different styles of tropes: "Turns" or literary enhancements.
Abstract This paper discusses the use of trope in ?Once More to the Lake," by E.B. White to pull the reader into the narrator's experience. The author demonstrates the use of personification to help the objects seem more real and alive such as making the lake seem human, simile to give a clear illustration of the wide backend of the boat and polysyndeton to draw out lists of words that need more emphasis by using "and" between each item instead of the usual comma.
From the Paper "Simile is another way White blends trope into the work. "The small steamboat that had a long rounded stern like the lip of a Ubangi?." (White 383). These two things resemble one another, and so the reader is given a clear picture of the stern of the ship, as long as they understand what the "lip of a Ubangi" is. The use of simile gives a clear illustration of the wide backend of the boat as it sails around the lake."
Abstract This paper is a field study that presents the resource management for Lake Wivenhoe, a set of procedures established to maintain Lake Wivenhoe's quality at an acceptably high level, its certainty being guaranteed and its lifespan indefinite, if all appropriate decisions are made. This report investigates the theme of sustainable resource management and the implications that could occur if certain actions are not taken. The author states that the data came from local sources and field observation. Includes an attractive presentation and graphs.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Data Collection
Data Presentation and Analysis
Rural Management
Grazing
Trees
Runoff
Agriculture
Education of Framers
Monitoring
Wildlife
Fencing
Recreational Management
Fishing
Boating
Camping
Picnicking
Education
Publications
Commercial and Industrial Management
SEQ Water Board control
Hydroelectric Power
Scientific Management
Seismology
Water Quality
Rainfall and Runoff Monitoring
Flood Mitigation
Findings
Rural Management
Recreational Management
Commercial and Industrial Management
Scientific Management
Conclusion
From the Paper "The SEQ water Board is the corporation that is in control of managing Lake Wivenhoe and its surrounding lakes. The Water Board has had over 15 years? experience running the lake at the highest standard possible. It is a stable corporation that that can control its own finances without any political interference. Also, it has always followed the guidelines set up by the government on water quality. The SEQ Water Board receives no government funding and is therefore responsible for its own financial state."
