From the Paper "Stress Defined
The definition of stress, as advanced by Selye (1975, 401), indicates that it constitutes an individual's response to either internal or external demands. The ways in which individuals adapt to stress are divided into three stages, which Selye refers to as the General Adaptation Syndrome. The first stage, alarm, entails the individual experiencing a state of bio-physiological excitement in response to the stressor; while the second stage, adaptation or resistance, involves adjusting to or resisting the given stressor. The final stage, exhaustion, entails the individual's literally succumbing to the stressor when either adaptation was unsuccessful or resistance has broken down. The term stress is sometimes interchanged with burn-out. The term burn-out refers to the worker being exhausted as a result of too.."
Discusses the general provisions of treaty, definitions of worker, case studies & Court of Justice decisions. Explains the right to move & live in member states, conditions of employment, exceptions and the issue of non-nationals.
6,975 words (approx. 27.9 pages), 5 sources, 1994, $ 135.95
From the Paper "Freedom of Movement for Workers under the EC Treaty
This paper will examine some of the issues concerning the freedom of movement for workers, as articulated in Article 48 of the EC Treaty. In particular, this paper will focus upon how the Treaty and the Court of Justice allow limitations to be placed upon this freedom. These limitations include the exceptions found in the Treaty provisions concerning the freedom of movement for workers and the interpretations given these exceptions by the Court of Justice. In general, the exceptions found in Article 48 of the Treaty have been interpreted narrowly by the Court and workers who are nationals of Member States enjoy considerable latitude in moving from State to State. The limitations are stricter, however, with regard to workers who are not nationals of Member States. The first part of this paper will examine the general.."
Traces trends in correlation to governing styles, inflation, changing nature of the workforce, type of work demanded, legislation, and gender issues. Concludes that government should not attempt to control unemployment, but allow open market to do so.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, 1994, $ 47.95
From the Paper "An overview of unemployment in the United States since 1970 reveals several significant patterns. Unemployment in the past two decades continues a trend that began after World War II, when the unemployment rate began to drift upward, with the composition of the unemployed changing demographically, accompanied by a substantial change in the level of wage inflation and its relation to unemployment in the overall economy..
Between 1950 and 1960, the unemployment rate averaged 4.5 percent, with a range between three and seven percent. Between 1960 and 1970, the average was 4.8 percent, with a range from five to eight-and-a-half percent. From 1970 to 1980, the average rose to 6.3 percent, and the range was from five to eight-and-a-half percent.. Between 1980 and 1990, the average rate was a little over even percent, with a range from five to about ten percent.. As of.."
From the Paper "The American work force is no longer the homogenous collection of white male workers that it has long been imagined to be. Today's work force includes, women, minorities and immigrants, and businesses must find ways of incorporating the different values and work habits of each of these groups into the overall company structure. Management texts have traditionally ignored the vast differences that exist between members of the same company staff who come from different countries or backgrounds; while supporting Theories X or Y, the texts ignored the advantages and disadvantages that go with a diverse work group. This research examines the effects that using foreign-born workers can bring about in a work place."
Foreign-born workers are a fact of life in today's American work place, and their presence is likely to increase, not decre
From the Paper "Stress has long been associated with the onset of
significant physical and mental health problems. In the 1980s,
stress began to be implicated in areas beyond the bounds of physical and mental health. In the organizational environment, stress has been implicated in the deterioration of performance efficiency by both managers and subordinates. When performance efficiency suffers, the quality of the overall organizational environment deteriorates, and organizational productivity deteriorates. A deterioration of the organizational environment is accompanied by a deterioration in organizational communication ... "
This paper discusses the economic consequences of Minimum Wage legislation: Pros and cons, examples, history, statistics, theory, wage subsidy and impact on workers.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 7 sources, 1994, $ 71.95
From the Paper "The minimum-wage debate has become a continual topic in the 55 years since Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the law that put a floor under wages Business, backed by most economists, believe that raising the minimum wage destroys jobs by forcing employers to scale back hiring. Proponents of minimum-wage legislation point to people who have toiled in minimum-wage jobs, receiving the same hourly wage for the past 19 years despite inflation, and how difficult it is for these people make ends meet.
As the Clinton Administration prepares a new campaign to raise the minimum wage, the debate seems to be shifting to a point in the middle. While the Administration admits that a higher minimum wage could hurt employment growth temporarily, it ... "
From the Paper "An increasing number of employers are augmenting traditional recruitment procedures with less typical screening methods for better job placement. Some companies use employee biofeedback, which examines neurological impulses from the brain to the muscles, to assess the potential on-the-job injuries. Handwriting analysis is used to evaluate work potential or behaviors of present or potential employees. However, many experts believe that the traditional interview remains the best method for finding high-quality workers. When conducted properly, the interview can provide a good picture of the applicant. The employment interview may be used to judge an applicant's interpersonal reactions, communication skills and fitness for a particular job. Interviews can be broken into two types: the structured and ... "
This paper discusses collective bargaining in the nursing profession: History, Amer. Nurses Association, public trust, strikes, autonomy, professionalism and economics.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 18 sources, 1995, $ 63.95
From the Paper "One of the most contentious areas of unionization has been the health care field. The potential for work stoppages in this area tends to worry the average citizen more that does such potential in almost any other area. In a unanimous decision in 1991, however, the United States Supreme Court upheld the right of professional nurses to form collective bargaining units in hospitals and other health care institutions. Thus, regardless of what some members of the general public may think, regardless of the opposition of hospital administrators, and regardless of the misgivings of some professional nurses, collective bargaining is a reality in professional nursing. This research explores the issue of ... "
This paper will examine sexual harassment in the American workplace. The discussion will be divided into two parts: 1) sexual harassment and 2) employer liability and responsibility for this harassment. The first part of the paper will define sexual harassment as that term is used in the context of employment. The paper will show why defining sexual harassment is difficult and will present a variety of situations which have been recently defined by American courts as constituting sexual harassment in employment. The first part of the discussion will also present the three main motivations for sexual harassment.
The second part of the paper will focus on recent cases which have defined when an employer will be held liable for sexual harassment in connection with the course and scope of a ..."
From the Paper "SHIFT WORK: AN EXAMINATION OF NURSING PRACTICE PROBLEM
Introduction
This research examines the issue of shift work in the practice of nursing. Theoretical rationales are sought as bases for the development of solutions to the problems associated with shift work."
Discusses the situation of Latin American workers in the United States and Central/Latin American countries. The focus is on social unrest and economic distress.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 17 sources, 1995, $ 87.95
Introduction
The intent in this paper is to look at the situation of a particular population within the labor movement, both in the U.S. and in Latin America. The focus is on exploring the activities of workers both in their home countries in Central America and as both legal and illegal immigrants in communities in the United States, with the city of Los Angeles used as an example.
Labor in Latin America
There is considerable variation in the situation, and activities, of potentially organized workers in the different Central American countries. All, however, are subject to pressures ..."
From the Paper "Female executives face tremendous obstacles in their climb up the corporate ladder. Sexual discrimination and social stereotypes create a glass ceiling that hinders their upward mobility. Women executives who overcome these barriers enjoy unprecedented professional fulfillment, albeit not without significant personal sacrifice.
The existence of a glass ceiling has been confirmed by numerous studies, surveys, and Congressional hearings. As one member of Congress notes, "The glass ceiling has many levels, and for many minorities and women the glass ceiling is far lower than one could imagine" (U.S. Congress, 1993, p. 4). Women make up 45 percent of the labor force, but less than 3 percent are corporate senior executives (U.S. Congress, 1993, p. 46). Even when women succeed to upper-level management positions their earnings ..."
Discusses its history and development in U.S. in the mid-1930s, late 1950s through 1960s and since the 1960s. Examines concepts, legal cases, legislation, need for and counter-arguments.
2,925 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 10 sources, 1995, $ 103.95
From the Paper "Section 1 of the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution reads in part: "No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." It is this Amendment to the federal constitution that has laid the groundwork for affirmative action programs in government and in private industry.
This research examines the development of affirmative action policies in the United States over three distinct historical epochs. The first historical period under study is the mid-1930s during the presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt. The second period is the late-1950s through the 1960s, beginning with Brown ..."
Discusses a job search plan for college graduates. Explores the cover letter, resumes, the interview, follow-ups and references. Includes a table of contents and executive summary.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 8 sources, 1995, $ 87.95
TABLE OF CONTENTS .
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .
INTRODUCTION .
BACKGROUND .
PURPOSE .
LIMITATIONS/SCOPE .
DISCUSSION/FINDINGS .
JOB SEARCH PLAN .
COVER LETTER .
RESUMES .
THE INTERVIEW .
FOLLOW-UP CORRESPONDENCE .
REFERENCES .
SUCCEEDING AMONG LAYOFFS AND INCREASED COMPETITION .
CONCLUSION .
RECOMMENDATION .
WORKS CITED .
Executive Summary
Today's job seekers are competing against experienced workers and new college graduates. A job search plan can be an especially critical part of a recent graduate's program, and can help the graduate find a position which meets his current and future career plans.
Preparing a job search includes clearly defining what the students wants to do, both now and in the future; that definition is then used to determine the best way to learn of the job and how to structure the various pieces of documentation (cover letters, resumes) that are part of the employment process. Job applicants should be ..."
Abstract This paper examines how women have been traditionally excluded from models of economic development and how their roles were always secondary, as a means of facilitating men's contributions to the economy. It discusses how, as many economies began to industrialize, many theorists began to explore the link between development and women's issues. It reviews four different approaches, Women in Development (WID), that hold that poverty and oppression were caused by the lack of access of marginalized groups in the economy, Women and Development (WAD), which believes that women were always part of the economy, Gender and Development (GAD), which believes that the goal should be to recruit both men and women as full participants in decision-making and The Women, Environment and Development (WED) approach that looks at the link between the oppression of women and the degradation of the environment. These different approaches are outlined and reviewed as well as compared and contrasted. The paper also discusses the topics of structural adjustment programs and women and gender relations in the household.
From the Paper "For the most part, the division of labor in the household has remained constant. Women traditionally worked in the domestic sphere. Married women continue to perform all or most of the household tasks, even when they are working. The reasons for this continued division appear to be cultural. For example, even men who help out in the home may still be reluctant to help in tasks that have been labeled as feminine or non-masculine, such as laundry and cooking."
