From the Paper
"Just 20 years ago, in most states a woman couldn't sign an apartment lease, get a credit rating, or apply for a loan unless her husband or a male relative agreed to share the responsibility. Similarly, a 1965 study found that 51 percent of men thought women were "temperamentally unfit for management" (Christopher 5). There can be no doubt that we have progressed a long way from these ideas in the last two decades. However, it is also unquestionable that women in the work force are still discriminated against, sexually harassed, paid less than men, and suffer from occupational sex segregation and fears of failure as well as fears of success. We will address all of these concerns in this paper, and look at some well-known court cases as illustrations.
Anyone who thinks sex discrimination is a thing of the past (...)"

From the Paper
"Comparable worth has emerged as a significant labor issue during the 1980s. The concept is simple: jobs requiring similar education, skill and mental efforts should enjoy similar compensation rates within an organization. The issue is hotly debated however, as proponents and critics alike seek to understand the ramifications. This paper examines the history of the comparable worth controversy and anticipates the direction of the issue in the 1990s.
The comparable worth issue grew from observations that women traditionally make less money than men. In 1960, the average woman worker earned 60 cents for every dollar earned by the average male worker. By 1985, that figure had increased only to 66 cents for women, despite the fact that many more women had entered the workplace in the intervening years, and could be (...)"

From the Paper
"Industrial relations involves the dealings or relations of an industrial concern with its employees in general and with the public. It also involves the administration of such relations, especially to maintain goodwill for an industrial concern.
The process of controlling industrial relations involves the use of ethical codes and customs as well as laws. Informal methods are also used when negotiating trade agreements, the terms of trade agreements and the conduct of arbitration. Informal methods refers to ideas about good and bad practices,, and fair and unfair settlement terms. However, for the most part, legislation is the primary controlling factor in industrial relations. The controls have been instituted to protect all parties and specifically to reduce abnormal behavior and practices by employers or unions (...)"

From the Paper
"This paper will be concerned with the issue of drug testing in the workplace. In 1986, President Reagan began encouraging federal employers to test their employees for drug use. In particular, Reagan wanted such tests to be made on employees in jobs involving sensitive information or public safety. Today, the federal government continues to maintain its policy of requiring drug testing "for its employees and the employees of federal contractors.". In addition, many companies in the private sector have followed the lead of the federal government and have also begun to test their employees for drug use. The majority of the companies who conduct routine drug tests do so at! the pre-employment level. In this way, an effort is being made to screen and reject drug users before they are employed in the first place. Statistics show that "more than half of all midsize and ... "

From the Paper
"Introduction
The United Auto Workers is a union that has had great power and prestige over the years since its founding. It worked to organize auto workers, represented their interests, and addressed a variety of political and social issues of interest to these workers. The organization has had a number of reverses in recent years because of a downturn in the American automobile market, caused in part by the success of the Japanese industry at making inroads into the American marketplace. The UAW has been faced with a number of failed strikes, with plant closings across the country, and with reduced union membership and power throughout American life. At the same time, the organization has continued to support legislation of interest to workers and to address various political issues with whatever power it could muster."

From the Paper
"Relative-Percentage of Women in Senior Management

That discrimination against women in the management ranks exists is a given, when their relative percentage is considered. In support of this, the Bureau of Labor Statistics notes that between 1981 and 1991, female participation in the work force rose from 45 percent to 46 percent. Within this same time span, the percentage of female managers increased from 27 percent to 41 percent. The percentage of women who are senior executives rose a mere two percent during this same time period, going from one percent to three percent (Segal, 1992, p. 74). With differing percentages, the U.S. Labor Department further confirms that women are relatively less represented in the upper-echelon ranks of management, although they have made considerable gains within the past two decades in lower-level management ranks. Note that ..."

From the Paper
"Working mothers are faced with the need to balance work and family. Often, working mothers experience problems both at work and at home. The husbands and children of working women often have difficulties in adjusting to the situation. Working mothers are also faced with the problems of obtaining adequate day-care for their younger children. Many experts agree that day-care is an important aspect in the life of the child. In order for a child to be both physically and emotionally healthy, its day-care facilities must provide a safe and positive environment. Researchers have noted that employees are less effective on the job if they are worried about their children. Therefore, Ellen Galinsky of the Families and Work Institute has claimed that "an employee may not be an effective worker if he or she is worried about child care" (White, 1991, p. D4). This shows that ..."

From the Paper
"Until the late 1800s, employees provided their services to their employers for a fixed wage with little or no other available compensation. Retirement planning was a mixture of savings and dependence on younger family members. By the end of the nineteenth century, that situation was changing. Railroads, banks and utilities began to provide retirement benefits to employees who had worked for the companies for a number of years, and employees began to consider those benefits as part of a larger compensation package. Initially, most employers set up defined benefit plans; the latter half of this century has seen the rise of defined contribution plans, as well. By 1987, more than 40 million American workers were covered by more than 232,000 defined benefit plans with assets of almost 900 billion dollars (Seburn, 16). This research examines the two prominent types ..."

From the Paper
"INTRODUCTION

The Japanese industrial expansion since World War II has been considerable and has been noted by other industrialized nations around the world. Japan began from a position far behind the West, with her infrastructure devastated, and since has achieved a position of economic preeminence, challenging the United States and other industrialized nations for world leadership in innovation and industrial production, especially in high-tech industries of great import on the international scene today and into the future. The U.S. has recently started giving Japan greater attention in order to discern the management styles used in Japan and to emulate them to the greatest degree possible, and the increase in Japanese investment in the U.S., with the opening of a certain number of Japanese manufacturing ..."

From the Paper
"Introduction

Employers have learned that change is the bedrock of a profitable organization (Laque-Johnson, 1990). As-a result, many employers have instituted a variety of measures to apply the principles of ergonomics within the work-place. There have been several positive results subsequent to the use of ergonomics. As one example, the American Optometric Association (1992, p. 9) reports that VDT related work injuries can be decreased by as much as 78 percent with the use of ergonomically designed work-stations and alterations in work habits. Further, as another example, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) found that workers in ergonomically designed work settings were 25 percent more productive than their counterparts in nonergonomically designed settings (Schuler, Beutell & ..."

From the Paper
"Social Problem Statement and Definition


Discrimination in the workplace takes several different forms, with certain groups or classes of people being the targets of levels of discrimination in employment. Members of different racial and ethnic groups, women, the handicapped, the elderly--all may be treated differently in the employment situation, either by being denied employment or by being treated differently on the job, with lower salaries, less extensive promotional opportunities, some form of harassment, or other treatment that differentiates them from the majority of employees in a given business or industry.


Defining the Problem..."
In discussing specifically workplace discrimination against women, Lindsay and Pasquali (1993) note a number of symptoms

From the Paper
"During the period following the Civil War in 1865 and before the "closing of the frontier" described by historian Frederick Jackson Turner at the turn-of-the-century, the United States of America experienced a burst of expansive growth almost unparalleled in history (Degler, 1970, p. 237). Within this brief window of time - a generation's average lifespan for the period, in fact - the fledgling nation which was only to celebrate its first centennial in 1876 was transformed from a largely agrarian society into an industrialized, multi-ethnic entity which no longer fit the standard categorizations established by its original western European models. It is within that context that the American labor movement as we recognize it today was born.


There had been organized labor unions prior to the Civil..."

From the Paper
"International competition has been increasing greatly since World War II, and the United States faces a major challenge from such countries as Japan and West Germany (now a unified Germany). American manufacturers have been trying to find ways to reduce costs and increase production in order to attain or maintain a lead, and one of the ways they have found is to move their manufacturing operation to some other country that has a less expensive labor force and fewer regulations. The globalization of industry and related changes are having a profound effect on the U.S. labor force, which must contend with increased quotas, reduced union power, job flight, high unemployment, and other issues related to international competition and its effects on U.S. manufacturing. The government has been asked by various parties to do something about these changes, from the imposition..."

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From the Paper
"This research reviews the effects of right-to-work laws on union participation, wage levels, and labor demand and supply. Right-to-work laws either prohibit or severely restrict the existence of agency (closed) shops.1


As right-to-work laws strike at the heart of union security clauses in collective bargaining agreements, such laws also attack the incentive to belong to labor unions.2 While labor organization has been present in American society from almost the beginning of nationhood, unions were repressed legislatively, judicially, and socially until the early-1930s.3 At that point, under the New Deal programs of the Roosevelt Administration, progressive labor legislation began to be introduced. From that time through the..."

From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to discuss the workers' compensation system in California and how it operates. Procedures in trial courts pertaining to workers' compensation will also be reviewed.


The workers' compensation system is based on the assumption that workers injured on the job are guaranteed compensation regardless of the fault of any party. Work related injury and disability cases are to be dealt with expediency and without excessive expense or incumbrance of any character.. In exchange for prompt and specific benefits the injured employees give up their right to bring civil tort actions against their employers. California's "no fault" system is one of the country's oldest, having been implemented in 1911 and amended in 1913, 1914, and 1917."