From the Paper
"International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs,
Warehousemen, & Helpers of America
While trucking and warehousing are the core jurisdictions of International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen, and Helpers of America, this union has the following well organized cannery workers: teachers, police, airline attendants, and other types of workers. The Teamsters, or IBT, has a rather vague history. Although formal organization, resembling unions can be traced back as far as 1850 for those drivers having a single team of horses and one wagon, they were more like guilds. These organizations were often informal, short-lived, and primarily composed of driver-owners whose chief preoccupation was with drayage rates rather than salaries. These organizations slowly evolved into unions, particularly as mass production and (...)"

From the Paper
"The Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (PATCO), a labor union representing civilian air traffic controllers employed by an agency . the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) . of the United States (US) government, called a strike on 3 August 1981 (Office of AFCC History [OOAFCCH], 1985). In the ensuing months, PATCO's effectiveness as a collective bargaining organization was destroyed, the lives of hundreds of air traffic controllers and their families were quickly characterized by high levels of uncertainty and distress, air traffic safety in the US was temporarily compromised, military personnel were used as temporary replacements for the civilian air traffic controllers, and the quality of the industrial relations environment in the country deteriorated (...)"

Tags: TRANSPORTATION, AVIATION

From the Paper
"This research provides an analytical critique of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 87: Employers' Accounting for Pensions (Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), 1985), hereinafter referred to as FAS87. The essence of the Statement involves the application of accrual accounting principles to pension fund accounting by employers, with a special emphasis on the single-employer defined benefit plan (FASB, 1985).

In this research, the issues involved in pension fund accounting are considered, together with the provisions of FAS87 designed to address those issues. FAS87 is also assessed within the contexts of Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 1: Objectives of Financial Reporting by Business Enterprises (FASB, 1978), Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 2: ... "

From the Paper
"The purpose of this paper is to discuss leadership and communication styles related to employer-employee goals, with an emphasis on motivation, authority, human resources management, feedback and listening.

Defining leadership in a clear, concise and comprehensive manner is very difficult, since the term "leadership" is a slippery and catch-all concept. As it relates to the business world, use is sometimes made of the term "position of leadership." In this sense, a company president is more a leader than a supervisor. Other times, the term leadership is attributed to a type of behavior. In this sense, a company executive or department head may be a mere figurehead whereas his assistant may be the real "power behind the throne." Leadership may refer to certain qualities or characteristics someone has. For good or ... "

From the Paper
"Work groups have become an integral part of American business life. Such groups may be formal or informal, and can help an organization achieve a high level of productivity. Ineffective work groups, however, can be a hindrance to productivity and can prove detrimental to the organization. In order to understand why some work groups are effective and others ineffective, it is necessary to examine what work groups are, why they are important to organizations, ways to evaluate them, what the barriers are to work group effectiveness and finally, how to successfully implement a work group environment.

DEFINITION OF WORK GROUPS
According to one researcher, a "group" is "three or more people that can identify itself and be identified by others in ... "

From the Paper
"There has never been a time in society during which women have categorically been treated equal to their male counterparts, regardless as to whether the issue is the socialization process or the legislative process (Bernard, 1981, p. 2). At issue is the manner in which women and men are socialized; and, how the former are perceived by themselves and the latter. While there is no question that society has undergone both dramatic social and economic changes within the last score of years, attitudes toward women have failed to keep apace. That is, while it may well be necessary for the majority of women to work in order for them, their spouses, and children to achieve a desired middle-class lifestyle, they fail to be fairly treated in the fields of health care and social services relative to the entire hiring and retention process. There clearly exists a dual standard in..."

From the Paper
"Sexual harassment has become a major topic of discussion and concern recently not because it is a new problem, which it is not, but because of the notoriety given the subject by the Senate confirmation hearings for Justice Clarence Thomas and the allegations of Anita Hill raised at those hearings. This event made the nation more aware of the problem and initiated a debate on the subject that continues today. Many businesses have instituted policies regarding sexual harassment in the workplace and what to do about it both before it occurs and after, but many other companies have avoided taking the necessary steps and have either pretended that the problem does not exist or have simply failed to address it. Most business analysts today find that this is not the best approach; that some policy should be developed, implemented, and communicated in the organization both to prevent..."

From the Paper
"The history of labor unions in the twentieth century is the history of the rise and fall of an American institution. Unionism moved from the fringe position it occupied in the nineteenth century to a central position in the American economy, and more recently it has been noted that unionism has fallen on hard times, with waning membership, loss of political power, and changes in law that have undercut the movement in a variety of ways. An analysis of the development of the labor union movement in this century should point to the primary reason or reasons leading to change in union density, first contributing to the increasing density of union membership and then to the lessening of that density in recent years.

Unionism started in the nineteenth century with the coming of the industrial revolution and the expansion of the United States ..."

From the Paper
"The Mexican labor movement began 10 year before the Mexican Revolution of 1910. The Constitution of 1917 embodied the aims of the Revolution by revising land ownership, by drafting a labor code, and by curtailing the power of the Roman Catholic Church..


In its effort to modernize the country, the Diaz regime--the government in power before the Revolution--embarked on a radically new agrarian policy. Joining ranks with local hacendados, it launched a campaign of large-scale expropriation of village lands and political subordination.. The regions most affected by this new policy were central and southern Mexico, first, because increased market production and new railroads had caused land values there to increase, and second, because most free villages were concentrated there. Initially, the campaign proved successful to the government, for..."

From the Paper
"The Los Angeles Times proclaimed that the recent Teamsters strike "has served as a reminder how much the union's influence has waned" . The failed outcome of the strike, reiterated the newspaper, confirms that labor unionism in North America is growing increasingly irrelevant in economics and in politics--a point further driven home by the inability of labor to prevent congressional enactment of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).

This research examines the role of labor unions in both the United States and Canada. The history of the union movement will be charted, and the impact of labor unions on the standard of living will be assessed. Future prospects for the rise of unionism and its ability to enhance the quality of life in North America will also be discussed."

From the Paper
"Introduction
Conflict is an inevitable result of individuals coming together and working in groups. Conflict can arise between individuals, between groups within a department, between departments, between divisions and between companies. Through conflict, new ideas can be presented and explored, but conflict also carries within it the seeds of lost productivity and of wasted time. Effective managers need to recognize sources of conflict and learn to use conflict to benefit their organization. At the same time, these managers must not permit conflict to become the rule within their organization, or the creativity that comes with some disagreement could well erupt into chaos. This research examines the role of conflict within the workplace, and considers tools which supervisors can use to manage conflict among workers."

From the Paper
"THE FULLY-INSURED DEFINED-BENEFIT PENSION PLAN: HISTORY, DESCRIPTION, AND ASSESSMENT OF 412(I)

Introduction
A wide variety of pension plan types exists in the United States. While the pension plan types are designated by textual descriptions (such as defined-benefit, defined-contribution, and other functional descriptions), numerical designations based on the section of the Internal Revenue Code that regulated pension plans for federal income tax purposes also are widely used. This research focuses on the Section 412(I) pension plan type, which is a fully-insured, defined-benefit plan (Fitzpatrick and Fisher, 1991, p. 52).

The history of the fully-insured, defined-benefit pension plan is reviewed in this research. As this plan type is ..."

From the Paper
"Affirmative action, a series of steps, procedures, policies, and programs designed to overcome the present effects of past discrimination on members of minority groups, is a measure designed to protect the American dream. The American dream is based on the precepts of fairness, honesty, and freedom from prejudice. Adherents of affirmative action maintain that the most effective way to preserve this fragile dream is for hiring agencies to take steps that will ensure that minorities are given an "added boost" in the hiring marketplace.

Statements about what affirmative action is not are in actuality statements about what it should not be. An EEO publication (Equal Employment Opportunity) offers these statements to clarify the issue: "Affirmative action should not be reverse discrimination against non-minorities nor males; it is ..."

Abstract
This paper discusses how in his book "The Division of Labor in Society", Emile Durkheim sees society as evolving, as developing over time and how he considers the specific element of solidarity as it was manifested at each stage of development. Division of labor is another specific dimension by which we explain the existence of the kinds and types of social organization in a given society. It shows how Durkheim in his book, explains both the nature of society as well as the meaning of, development of and place of individuality within that structure. It examines how Durkheim's vision of the division of labor is of a naturally occurring reality that becomes a force for social cohesion and solidarity, binding individuals in society more closely together and may imperil individuality as a result.

From the Paper
"In discussing the bond of social solidarity, Durkheim indicates that there are two ideal types of solidarity, one mechanical and the other organic. The bond of solidarity is that which defines a society and its rules and regulations, rules which can be transgressed by the criminal precisely because that solidarity exists and stands as that against which crime is directed and defined. Crime is defined by Durkheim as an "act contrary to strong, well-defined states of common consciousness" (Durkheim 60). He then indicates that it is possible to see what kind of solidarity the penal law symbolizes, and he says that it is clear that social cohesion exists when there is a certain conformity of each individual consciousness to a common type, the psychological type of society. "

Tags: solidarity

Abstract
This paper attempts to introduce Karl Marx's view of capitalist exploitation, which states that the bourgeoisie is the ruling class in capitalist society, which owns the means of production, while the proletariat is the working class, whose sole commodity is his labor power. It examines the issue of how division of labor further increases the exploitation of the worker and how the exploitation of the worker is not confined simply to the bourgeois capitalist who employs him, but also to all the other capitalists who form the society around the proletarian worker.

From the Paper
"In order to keep the worker subjugated, the bourgeois capitalist only provides the laborer with the basic requirements for continued existence. In evidence of this, Marx claims, ?The costs occasioned by the worker are limited almost entirely to the subsistence which he requires for his maintenance and reproduction of his race. The price of a commodity, and therefore of labor, is equal to its costs of production.? By giving the worker the minimum one can possible allow him, only barely allowing enough for the necessities, the proletarian can never acquire any property of his own, and thus never has any hopes of gaining the means of production for himself."

Tags: bourgeois, capitalism, exploitation, proletariat