Abstract This paper discusses the conflict between India and Pakistan over the Kashmir region and suggests methods for reconciliation. The paper looks at history relevant to the conflict, its origins and causes.
Tags: India, Pakistan, Kashmir, peace paradigm conflict resolution
Abstract This paper presents a realistic perspective of the Kashmir conflict. The paper outlines the background of the dispute in Kashmir, identifying the struggle of both India and Pakistan claiming rights to the region. The paper analyzes the suffering caused to the people of Kashmir as a result of the conflict and concludes that, according to the realist approach, the Pakistani side seems to be more on track with regard to reality in Kashmir.
From the Paper "Thus, examples of reality may include such things as poverty, an illness, fire, unemployment, warfare, a physical confrontation, etc. Further, and perhaps even more important in the context of the Kashmir conflict, is the notion that not only is reality a 'thing' indicated by its ability to cause some effect, but that the individual's understanding or acknowledgement of reality is subject to all kinds of historical and other influences. It draws a clear distinction between reality and our knowledge of reality (Basden, 2004). In order to explore this, let us consider the 'bones' of the conflict in Kashmir."
Abstract The issue of whether the region of Kashmir should be an independent state, part of India, or part of Pakistan, has been a source of serious conflict ever since India and Pakistan were partitioned into two different countries in 1947. This paper explains that, when that partition occurred, the two new countries were divided along largely religious lines: Most residents of the new country of India was Hindi, while most residents of the new country of Pakistan were Muslim. The writer points out that Kashmir, however, did not have any one dominant religion that could guide its destiny. The issue of who should govern Kashmir has been a source of contention and three wars since 1947 along with persistent border disputes.
From the Paper "Some see the recent inclusion of Kashmir leaders in peace talks as one of the events most likely to help stabilize the region (Hardgrave, 1998), as in the past the Kashmiri desires have been ignored except when one side or another has attempted to manipulate them for their own goals. Some, however, believe that it is too soon to be optimistic, that 18 months of peace does not mean the underlying issues have dissipated (Kumar M., 2005). It seems likely that the region's best chance for a lasting peace is to continue to include Kashmiri leaders as active participants in any peace negotiations (Hardgrave, 1998)."
Abstract Competing claims over Kashmir by India and Pakistan are the key sources of the conflicts. The claims and the consequences are the result of some historical events, but also of opposing ideologies of India and Pakistan. Responses associated with the claims from both sides have engendered political extremism in Kashmir. Past policies of the U.S. and China toward the region, on the other hand, have instigated armed conflicts and contributed to the extremism.
Abstract This paper examines the future of Kashmir. Specifically, it presents the best moral arguments for and against an Indian administered plebiscite to determine the future of Kashmir. It begins by presenting deontological arguments in favor of a plebiscite. It also considers grounds for morally opposing a plebiscite.
Abstract This report assesses the current situation of strife and conflict
in Kashmir by using conflict theories, such as the stratification of society, expulsion and genocide among the people of the area, inter-group conflict, prejudice and discrimination, dominant group theory, and vicious cycle phenomenon, as well as other associated theories. The report does not dwell solely on the history of the strife in Kashmir, which is an area that is renowned for its beauty, as well as for being the focus of conflict in Indian society, a point of contention between India and Pakistan, and the impetus point of separatist movements. Instead, it looks at recent events and conflicts in the area using the sociological and theoretical concepts mentioned above.
From the Paper "In terms of the population of Kashmir, the province or area contains over 12 million individuals, most of whom are Muslims. There are also prominent populations of Hindus, Sikhs, and Buddhists in this area. The Hindu population is more concentrated towards the southern regions of Kashmir, and in the city of Jammu. In eastern Kashmir, the main proponents of the Buddhist population are found. The Kashmiri people are generally working on an agricultural economy ("Jammu and Kashmir"). In terms of the history of the strife that has occurred in this region, briefly, since the partition of India and Pakistan after Indian independence in 1947, Kashmir has been a point of dispute and contention between India and Pakistan, with each country claiming Kashmir as a part of its own nation, and the two countries often going to war over this and associated issues. Lately, since the late 1980s, the conflict in the area has turned more to internal separatist movements against what is viewed to be Indian occupation. This has resulted in prevalent conflicts between the Indian state and the Kashmiri people up to and including the present."
Abstract This essay examines the claims of India and Pakistan over Kashmir, and examines some of the more viable solutions towards ending the fifty year standoff, concluding with a proposition for self-determination. It also suggests solutions to avoiding a nuclear conflict.
From the Paper "Few current events are capable of conjuring the level of passion characteristically aroused in the debate over the disputed territory of Jammu and Kashmir. The valley that has historically been characterized by the beauty and fertility of its land is now depicted in routine acts of violence, religious extremism, and human rights atrocities, and the issues at hand are as convoluted as the region's ancient history. Most aspects regarding Kashmir's current turmoil remain obscured to outsiders by ambiguity and propaganda. What have become evident, however, are the countless atrocities routinely perpetrated over the past several decades. Since 1947, Pakistan and India have twice declared war over the disputed territory, and have persistently engaged in low-level border skirmishes, which have left thousands dead. Because both counties now possess nuclear weapons, the international stakes in resolving the conflict have never been greater. Although both India and Pakistan have undoubtedly played a role in the violence, one's view of the crisis depends upon which account has been given, as both countries seem more interested in distorting the facts to aid their own cause, rather than viewing acts of violence individually and objectively."
Abstract This paper discusses thee land of Kashmir, the rope in a tug of war between India and Pakistan, which dates back to 1947. The paper explains why there is so much hatred. The author points out that a more recent threat is the nations? ability to produce nuclear weapons, which has prompted the United States to try and resolve the situation.
From the Paper "Kashmir is mistakenly referred to as the disputed territory but it is not disputed. It is land that has been signed over by agreement to the Republic of India since 1972 . It was acceded to India the same way many states and areas were signed over to Pakistan. The formula that was used for the partition of the divided lands was left up to the leaders of the lands. The rulers of each area was allowed to decide whether it would be acceded to India or to Pakistan."
Abstract This paper examines the Indian/Pakistani conflict over the Kashmir region. Initially, the origins of the conflict in Indian independence are identified and traced to the present. The current situation, in the wake of 9/11 is also analyzed.
Abstract This paper explains that India and Pakistan have been arch-rivals since the partition of the sub-continent that took place more than 50 years ago; their animosity goes back a long time and finds its main causes in religion and history. The paper shows how this animosity has turned into a deadly arms race. The author points out that Pakistan never accepted the accession of the state of Jammu and Kashmir to India. The paper relates that the culture of medieval terrorism has spread throughout Pakistan because the Pakistan government has permissive attitudes towards terrorism and uses Islamic Jihad terrorism against India.
Table of Contents
History of India and Pakistan Relations
Independence and Partition
The Fight for Pakistan's Independence
War and Revolt
The Kashmir Conflict and the Wars Fought between India and Pakistan
Civil Unrest in the State of Jammu and Kashmir before the Issue of Accession
The Transfer of Power in the State of Jammu and Kashmir in 1947
Accession
The Plebiscite
First Indo-Pakistani War over the State of Jammu and Kashmir Second Indo-Pakistani War over the State of Jammu and Kashmir Third Indo-Pakistani War
The Current Situation in the State of Jammu and Kashmir Social and Economic Problems in Pakistan and India
Effect of September 11th on India and Pakistan
Pakistan
India
The Culture of Terrorism
The Nuclear Capabilities of the Two Countries
From the Paper "In 1931, the Maharaja's officials in the Jammu Province disrupted many different Muslim prayer congregations and insulted the Holy Quran. This caused a massive outrage among the Muslim community. The Muslims held many meetings and processions. At a meeting, Abdul Qadeer delivered a violent speech against the Maharaja. He was arrested by the police and charged for sedition. During his trial, the police shot a crowd of Muslim protesters outside the Srinagar Central Goal, taking the lives of twenty-two demonstrators and a policeman. This day is known as "Martyrs Day" in the history of Kashmir, marked as the beginning of the struggle of the Muslim Kashmiris for independence from the Indian government."
Abstract The paper explains how Eqbal Ahmad saw the Kashmir conflict as the last aspect of the terrible Partition violence of 1947 to produce India and Pakistan. The paper refers to the hysteria of nationalism in both countries, but with a section noting that women have forever suffered as in 1947, or today in Kashmir, as policy-makers around the world debate what to do with a South Asian nuclear flashpoint area. The paper refers to Khushwant Singh/Shauna Singh Baldwin and the commemorative Eqbal Ahmad film.
From the Paper "The 1947 Partition of India involved unspeakable violence. For 50 years, few people wished its dark months of massacres, separated families and communities,and what was for many complete economic ruination. In the film, "Crossing the Lines," Pervez Hoodbhoy and Zia Mian, scholars and activists inspired by the example of Eqbal Ahmad (1933-1999) explained what can be hysterical divisions between Muslim and Hindu versions of history and of the future, too. Ahmad's approach to history and sectarianism in South Asia will continue to inspire all those willing to examine the roots of the Hindu-Muslim divide and how it has become tangled, disastrously, with what should be secular nationalism."
Abstract This paper discusses the struggling relationship between India and Pakistan, primarily over the region of Kashmir. It details the history of the problem including the nuclear aspect, briefly discusses other possible solutions, and formulates a unique multi-faceted solution.
From the Paper "Ever since 1947, India and Pakistan have waged fierce war over a variety of issues. When India completed nuclear testing in May of 1998, and Pakistan shortly after, the issue was given unique attention. "Because it's spread alongside India, Pakistan has a lack of strategic depth. The danger is that this means that any war would rapidly lead to the possibility of nuclear escalation. As a result, the task of avoiding conventional warfare between the neighbors assumes increased importance (Swarts 10)." Strain between the two States is the effect of a diverse range of problems, including economic conditions, leadership clashes, and primarily religious diversity and territorial contention. The territorial dissension is based principally over the region of Kashmir, which both India and Pakistan claim full possession of. There are allegations that as many as one half of a million Indian troops and as many as a fourth of a million Pakistani troops are stationed in Kashmir. What can be done to prevent a nuclear conflict between India and Pakistan? This is a question that has absorbed more unbroken attention than almost any other news subject."
Tags: conflict, india, kashmir, pakistan, war, nuclear, energy, history, tribal, ethnic, border
Abstract This paper examines the geopolitical conditions confronting India at the outset of the 21st century and the politico-economic threats posed to it by regional embroilment in the war on terror. The paper argues that, within the regional context of the descent of the former Soviet Union and the ascent of China, India has to aggressively and comprehensively redesign its security agendas, further taking into account the relationship developed between the United States and Pakistan vis-a-vis potential implications for the Kashmir conflict.
From the Paper "India's security concerns have changed dramatically over the past two decades. The country's primary external security problem is no longer Pakistan's nuclear capabilities and the potential of armed confrontation over Kashmir, and its internal security problem is no longer confined to the challenge of containing ethnic conflicts. India's security concerns have considerably expanded consequent to both the collapse of the Soviet Union and the former power's unaccounted for arsenal of weapons of mass destruction, and the status of the region as one of the focal points for the war on terror. It is imperative, as Amit Gupta a political science and security professor at Stonehill College states, it is imperative that India redefine its security priorities and design a new national security program which takes into account the geopolitical changes that have swept over the region (1044-145). Bearing in mind the changed geopolitical regional realities, India's new security agenda needs to address the collapse of the Soviet Union and the emergence of China as the primary regional power, confront the challenges posed by the war on terror, bearing its domestic consequences in mind, and reassess its relationship with Pakistan, aiming towards a peaceful resolution of the Kashmir conflict."
