A look at the reasons behind the September 11 terrorist attacks and how U.S. foreign policy in the 1980s created a terrorist breeding ground in the Middle East.
1,095 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 4 sources, 2001, $ 38.95
Abstract The paper is a discussion of reasons for the terrorist attacks of September 11. It discusses foreign policy in the 1980s including CIA actions that have led to today's hostile situation. The paper also introduces the two sources of conflict in the world today: globalization and fundamentalism.
From the Paper ?The fault of intelligence agencies is not that they did not stop terrorism, but that they actively created a situation in the Middle East which bred terrorism. In the mid 1980s, as the Cold War came to a head, the CIA funded and supplied arms to militant fundamentalist Muslim groups, in an effort to create unity against the USSR . In the parlance of "intelligence" organizations, the "blowback" from this activity is the current state of terrorism in the Middle East . ?
Abstract This paper presents an in-depth look at the Persian Gulf War of 1990-1991. The author presents a detailed history regarding why and how the war began and how it was ended a short time later.
From the Paper " War is never pleasant. It involves people dying, lots of money being spent and anger on both sides. Nothing is ever positive when it comes to a war. America stays out of most conflicts unless it sees some nation or entity bullying another one. Then this country steps up to the plate and gets involved. This was the case in the Persian Gulf War. We saw Iraq bullying up to Kuwait , and we decided it was not right. We got involved, Saddam Hussein was angry at us for it and the rest went down in history. The Persian Gulf War meant many things worldwide and a coalition of 36 nations banded together with the United States to make a statement that would not be forgotten. It worked and the Gulf War was over in a flash."
Abstract This paper is a historical film review of the John Irvin movie, ?Hamburger Hill.? It examines the movie for content, historical accuracy and context.
From the Paper "John Irvin's film, ?Hamburger Hill,? details the events of the battle in the A Shau Valley to gain control of Dong Ap Bia (a small mountain) during the Vietnam War. It was a ten-day battle, fought up hill, from May 10, 1969 though May 20. Most of the film takes place on Dong Ap Bia (Hill 937), nicknamed "Hamburger Hill" by the soldiers who fought there because of the high amount of casualties. The casualty rate of this battle was 70%, (Larson 1). It consisted of several battalions attacking and retreating for ten days up the hill. Scenes in the movie that show the men scrambling up and sliding down the hill in rain and mud being bombarded by grenades and machine gun fire are horrifically graphic and, unfortunately, accurate, (Larson 1)."
Abstract This paper examines the direct effects that the media have on voter preference. The author focuses on the media coverage and political campaigning strategies in Great Britain and Germany, evaluating media coverage of the previous two national elections in both states, and examining press media coverage of campaigning and the overall effect it plays in the election process.
From the Paper "Once voter interest is obtained, appealing political media images are a good and often successful means of influencing the popular vote. As one-third of voters know nothing about particular politicians yet still hold strong emotions toward them, the voter attitude toward candidates and political parties is a good predictor of voter decisions. Various studies establish the ability of the political advertisements to lodge in viewer minds elements by which politicians can be judged, furthermore; political advertising can provide voters with specific image characteristics of candidates that relate to voter choice. Cwalina, Falkowski, & Kaid concluded political advertising can possibly affect voters in three ways: 1) Advertisements can strengthen already existing voter preferences; 2) Advertisements can weaken existing preferences of uncertain voters and may cause change of such preferences; 3) Advertisements can re-create the image of the candidate."
Tags: election, engineering, political, politics, science, press, germany, united, kingdom
Abstract This paper explains the different policies of the Bush Jr and Clinton administrations in the use of U.S armed forces overseas. Clinton's World Police humanitarianism are compared to Bush's ?power relations and great-power politics.? The paper continues with a discussion on the void created by the downfall of communism and its current lack of purpose, the history of international affairs and the CIA, Bin Laden and Afghanistan and the U.S's role in funding their arms. A similar story is told for Iraq, including U.S violations of the UN charter. Contains segments of policy inconsistencies and future foreign policy.
From the paper:
?Still, even as the Administration puts forth a realist view, they also spout idealist propaganda. This is, in part, to appease the American public in the ideal that the U.S. stands for individual rights, capitalism and the pursuit of happiness. However, the ideal is just that: a concept of perfection in the most general sense. The ideals of democracy and prosperity already exist for Americans; they are not so concerned with the rest of the world.[i] This has not always been the case: the purpose of the 40-some year Cold War was to check the expansion of communism, a purpose that Americans agreed was a necessity. Now that we are the sole remaining super power, Americans are not sure where to go with its privilege. After all, ?lacking purpose, power does not exist.??
Abstract This essay is a discussion of the reasons the Cold War began. The author describes the intentions of Stalin, Churchill, Roosevelt, and Truman and discusses whether the Cold War actually began over Europe or Asia.
From the Paper:
"Throughout the Big Three negotiations during World War II, Franklin Roosevelt was determined to work with the Soviet Union. In order to guarantee Soviet adherence to the principle of unconditional surrender and to secure their participation in the war in the Pacific, Roosevelt, often against Churchill's wishes, worked to accommodate Stalin's desire for security. Hoping to establish a postwar order in which both the US and USSR would not feel threatened, Roosevelt agreed to a buffer zone of friendly states around the Soviet Union."
Abstract This paper examines the theory that the Korean conflict was purposely started by Joseph Stalin in order to drive the United States and China apart and to bring Mao Zedong and Communist China under Soviet influence. The author also discusses how the war's origins were primarily domestic, yet global superpowers provided quicker means to escalation.
From the paper:
"On December 16, 1949, Mao Zedong arrived in Moscow to begin discussions with Joseph Stalin. Mao hoped to acquire from the Soviets ships and aircraft to use in his planned invasion of Taiwan. Mao also wanted to renegotiate the treaty previously agreed to by Stalin and the Kuomintang government. Stalin, however, stonewalled Mao, refusing to relinquish the access to Manchuria that the treaty granted him. On December 19, realizing that Stalin was reading his messages, Mao cabled Zhou Enlai in Beijing, informing him that the Chinese Communists should soon attempt to open relations with the United States."
Abstract This paper describes how Lyndon B. Johnson, with the help of J. Edgar Hoover and mob boss Carlos Marcello, was the only person with the motive, means and opportunity to assassinate John F. Kennedy.
From the paper:
"Just as with any other murder investigation, to uncover President Kennedy's killer, one must find the person(s) with the motive, means, and opportunity to commit the crime. As presented in class, Lee Harvey Oswald had none of these. Oswald possessed no motive. Despite his "defection" to the Soviet Union in 1959, Oswald bore no malice toward Kennedy or his administration. Oswald did not have the means to commit the actual murder, especially on his own. The official records of the assassination state that three shots were fired in 5.6 seconds from 60-80 yards away."
Abstract This paper discusses some aspects of the Kyoto Protocol and attempts to eexplain the urgency of it. The author also explains global warming ? it's causes and effects, by giving examples of companies that have thrived on being more "eco-friendly", and also examples of why the Kyoto Protocol will not be as detrimental as many predict.
From the paper:
"Global warming is not a myth but a present reality due to the extreme amounts of greenhouse gases that industrialized countries emit daily. The Kyoto Protocol, as this paper while argue, is a preventative measure of this horrific possibility."
Abstract This paper is a detailed discussion of Islamic criminal law, its sources, its application, and its conflict with international law and human rights. The author examines both primary and secondary sources of Islamic law, and describes Hudud, Tazir and Qesas crime and punishment. The paper also focuses on the historical background of Muslim law.
From the paper:
?Islam means "submission" or "surrender" to the will of Allah. For the more than one billion Muslims of the world, this means submission to a comprehensive code of law governing every arena of life: social, political, economic, and religious. In Islam there is no separation of church and state, no distinction between religion and politics; Government, law, and religion are unified. Some would argue that Islamic law is not fully practiced in any part of the Islamic world. While this may be true, twenty-three nations have either declared Islam to be the state religion or declared the religious writings of Islam to be the principal source of law.?
Abstract This paper details of the space race between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War and how and why it was a show of power and superiority. The author looks many different aspects of the space race including, its purpose, how it was used to show the other country its weaknesses, how it enabled both countries to explore the uncharted vastness of space and find for it new military and how they attempted to use the moon as the ultimate propaganda tool.
From the Paper "Even though Sputnik had no direct military impact, it showed the progress of the USSR in science and military and prompted the US government to pay more attention to its own missile operation (McGhee 331). The media played a major role in spurring the government to take action. Sputnik was front-page news on all the papers and it had all of America wondering how something like that could happen without anyone knowing (Schefter 23). At first the US government was not impressed by the Soviet's accomplishments. President Eisenhower felt that the U.S. people had acted like children and that no response to Soviet actions was necessary (Burrows 200). He felt that the US needed to toughen up for a long war they may have in the future and did not see the US as being in any competition with the Soviets (Burrows 200). He even went so far as to congratulate the Soviets on their accomplishments (McGhee 330)."
Abstract The paper discusses possible international relations involving the US, Europe, and third world countries in light of today's trends and events. The author speculates that Europe is set to eventually rise and outpace the U.S.
From the Paper "A look into the future of international relations, I believe, will reveal progression toward a true global community. This single-team approach will reach into such issues as protecting the environment, government, trade and civil right. But international relations will be multi-polar. We see evidence already of powerful government entities sprouting up alongside the United States, vying for a piece of the power pie. The bipolar international order came to a close with the end of the Cold War. At that point, the world began to move toward a multi-polar order. This, in turn, made way for the creation of a new, rational and fair international political and economic system - one that will foster international peace and security in the future."
Tags: politics, bipolar, emerging, nations, third, world, global, europe, united, states
Abstract This paper is a detailed analysis of the Battle of the Alamo. Attention is paid to the leadership styles of the Texan and Mexican commanders.
From the Paper From the paper:
"The Battle of the Alamo: Analysis of Principles of War and Leadership Tactics
The Battle of the Alamo, often called the most heroic and deadly battle of the Spanish-American Revolution, was prefaced by a series of events that led to the escalation of the Alamo Battle. One such siege, the Siege of Bexar, took place December 1836. Bexar, previously known as San Antonio de Bexar, was under the control of Mexican General Perfecto de Cos with about 1200 soldiers from Mexico. For almost two months, Texas volunteers had camped near the town in a virtual standoff with Cos. The stalemate ended, however, when one of the Texas leaders, Ben Milam returned from a brief absence to find that the Texans were about to withdraw to Goliad."
Tags: bowie, crockett, davy, independence, james, mexico, revolution, texan, texas, travis, war, william
Abstract This paper explains the methodology promised and employed in order to mollify the tragedy and indignity of the depression, known as the New Deal, Roosevelt's grand plan, to drag a struggling nation out of financial ruin and into what would become the world of modern politics.
From the Paper "The New Deal divided the nation into the fairly distinctive categories of pro and anti New Deal. New Deal policies set an as yet unseen precedent for partisan politics as the notions of liberalism and conservatism came into direct conflict. Roosevelt followed the immensely unpopular Herbert Hoover, whose policies in dealing with the depression were of the "stay the course-a thousand points of light" variety. The political philosophy that, through hands-off government activity and minimal intervention, even the most dire economic situation will correct itself, was a distinctly republican one that perpetuates in republican policy making today."
Abstract After a brief review of the colonization of Africa, the essay describes the social phenomenon of neo-colonialism, in which African nations are free from direct foreign rule but the economic infrastructure is still in the hands of the former colonial country's companies and institutions. The result of this is that decisions by indigenous African leaders have to be carefully made so that they remain non-threatening to the institutions that control the natural and financial resources of the country. The essay focuses on the effects of neo-colonialism and refers to three possible ways of rectifying the situation.
From the Paper "In the wake of ?independence,? after Colonialism ended, the social phenomenon of "Neo-Colonialism" began. At the 1961 All-African People's Conference held in Cairo, neo-Colonialism was defined as "the survival of the colonial system in spite of the formal recognition of political independence in emerging countries which become the victims of an indirect and subtle form of domination by political, economic, social, military or technical means." Many African nationalists and critics of Colonialism see the independence gained from the withdrawing colonial powers as only partial liberation. Some call it ?false independence.? Full or real freedom, they believe, would come with economic independence. The neo-colonialism is a vague, mirage-like state of government still largely influenced by the colonial powers to simply give the colonized people the illusion of freedom."
